{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/sj19k46w55/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["University of Arizona Tree Ring Lab, Dendrochronology"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/038/original/university-libraries-logo-2x.png?1711560609","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["University of Arizona Libraries"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["Copyright held by University of Arizona Libraries"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["Arizona Alumni Forum videocassettes, MS 646, box 2, tape 9"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Hughes, M.K. (interviewee)","Bannister, Bryant (interviewee)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["9/6/87"]}},{"label":{"en":["Coverage"]},"value":{"en":["Arizona--Tucson (spatial)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Guests - Malcolm Hughes, Director, University of Arizona Tree Ring Lab; Bryant Bannister, Director Emeritus, University of Arizona Tree Ring Lab."]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["U-matic"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["MS646.023 (uid)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["Arizona Alumni Forum videocassettes (part of)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["Interviews"]}}],"summary":{"en":["Guests - Malcolm Hughes, Director, University of Arizona Tree Ring Lab; Bryant Bannister, Director Emeritus, University of Arizona Tree Ring Lab."]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["Copyright held by University of Arizona Libraries"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["University of Arizona Libraries"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["University of Arizona Libraries"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/038/original/university-libraries-logo-2x.png?1711560609","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/159/334/small/azu_ms646-023_a.mp4_1651695486.jpg?1651695487","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - azu_ms646-023_a.mp4"]},"duration":1692.992,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/159/334/small/azu_ms646-023_a.mp4_1651695486.jpg?1651695487","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-arizona.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/159/334/original/azu_ms646-023_a.mp4?1651695469","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":1692.992,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["ms646-023 [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Hi there and welcome to Arizona alumni forum. I'm Jay Rocklin filling in for Ken Rawlins the director of the Arizona Alumni Association in our regular host. This coming December, the university's laboratory of tree ring research will celebrate its golden anniversary. The tree ring lab, which was started by Dr. at Douglas was the first of its kind. To this day, it's the major world center for tree ring research. To discuss that we'll be talking with Dr. Malcolm, he is the director of their pre ring tree ring research lab and Dr. Brian Bannister, Professor of dendrochronology and Director Emeritus of the lab. Welcome to both of you. Good to have you with us. First off, we've all seen tree rings, cm and we burn firewood or do anything. And I've always been curious about how tree rings are grown. Why did they happen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=92.0,137.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: A tree is is made up of a series of layers, one of which is formed every year. And the precise structure of those layers depends on the kind of tree. But they have the the layers are very distinct in most of the cooler temperate parts of the world. From about central Mexico north, you will find many trees have these very clear annual layers and you cut through those when you fell a tree. And those circles that you see simply a section of those trees grow rings. Now many trees in the tropics, for example, don't have clear rings. And even right here in in Arizona, there are some trees that don't have very certainly annual rings. Some trees like mesquite may sometimes not for marine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=138.0,186.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Now the idea of an annual ring doesn't seem like the kind of thing that would necessarily be intuitive. did one individual first come up with the idea Dr. Bannister, you're our resident historian about this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=187.0,199.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: story. And I love that Jake. Well, the the the concept of annual rings and trees has been with us for many, many millennia. Really? I'm sure that early, early on, I noticed the rings and trees. I mean, they'd see the branches. Yeah, trees that had been cut or fallen down. They noticed the rings. And from the Greeks on really observations of the annual nature of these rings have been made better. Oh, yes. And particularly in the Oh, in the 817 hundreds and 1800s there are a whole pasal of particularly European biologists that were very, very conscious of the annual nature of these rings. And in fact there were observers naturalists, a few of you will botanical types who noticed certain rings signifying certain things and relating it to the climate at the time famous what was the famous year in your European the year the no winter?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=200.0,274.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: No, no summer was 1816 and around volta.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=275.0,278.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Alright 1816 and the trees in that area formed a very easily identifiable ring. And so later, biologists and botanist looking at these rings, and there's the year for 1816","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=279.0,296.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: fascinating. It's great Do I guess we'll talk about specifics later. But you fill us in, in general, what kinds of information? You mentioned climate already. Yeah. What did we learn?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=297.0,308.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, we can go back a step from climate, simply the year in which that layer of wood was formed. Aha, is a very valuable piece of information, I wonder if it'd be an idea to refer to a piece that we have here. Now, the interesting thing about this and Dr. Bannister knows more of the detail of this sample than I do. But it is taken, in fact, from an archaeological site right here in Arizona. And we know the precise year in which it was felled. And perhaps he can tell us something about it. So we're not just able to say that there are perhaps 120 rings, or however many there actually are here. But that we know when each one of them was formed. Okay. And plus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=309.0,354.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: some other things, I understand that the shots close enough that you can actually see differences in the sizes of the rings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=355.0,361.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Yeah, for example, this is a particularly short space or shrine space. With that indicated drought in the situation here in Arizona and most most sides in Arizona, yes, it would, okay, where water supply is the thing that is really controlling the rate at which the tree forms would. In other regions, and in other parts of the world, the amount, the temperature in the summer, might be more important controller where there's plenty of water. The trees may grow more rapidly in a warm summer than a cold one. So that we have two or three kinds of climate information. The trees, especially in a region like this, also tend to respond to the same changes in climate as two rivers and the water supply system. And so we can get a history of river flow. Over and above that, we can also because we know when this tree grew and when it stopped growing, if we have samples from many trees, we can look at the way in which trees if you like, are being born and die as the end of the tree population.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=362.0,435.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Okay, before we go on one, we threw around some fancy words getting into the program, the word dendrochronology. For example, Dr. Bannister, fill us in on the word.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=436.0,444.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, it's a it's a coined word. Okay, it's all words are, of course. This was a word that emerged in the early days of the study of tree rings, and it's attributed to Dr. Douglas, and it's simply from the Greek dende, Rose tree and Kronos time or chronology. So tree time is basically what it is. So it's dendro chronology. Okay, great.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=445.0,470.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: We need to take a break right now. And when we come back, we're going to want to talk about your own lab here in Arizona and what specifically you do. We'll be back in just a minute.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=471.0,493.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Welcome back to Arizona alumni forum, Jay Rocklin. Here filling in for Kent Rollins, we're talking about dendrochronology today. Let's get right into your earlier lab. So dendrochronology research lab at the University of Arizona campus. What do you guys do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=494.0,508.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: We do a lot of different things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=509.0,510.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: right in 30 seconds or less, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=511.0,512.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: We do anthropology, we do archaeology, we do botany, we do tree physiology. We do some entomology, that is to say we work with insects in forests. We look at climate, we look at hydrology, we've even looked at some of us at the art history at the dates of European panel paintings, or of Stradivarius violins. Anything that concerns information that can be extracted from timber that has dateable annual rings, we do it anywhere we can get to do it. If there were trees on Mars, we'd go there and so on. So incredibly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=513.0,544.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: multidisciplinary, I have no idea and you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=545.0,546.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: even left out law.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=547.0,548.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: I can't keep clear of that. COVID sometimes in criminal cases, or in in litigation, it's necessary to know when a nail was driven into a tree on a fence line, or if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=549.0,563.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: forensic dendrochronology That's correct,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=564.0,565.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: but we call it forensic dendrochronology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=566.0,567.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: And even for example, to know if a painting that has been sold as being of a certain age and provenance could have been painted then if if the wood was growing after the artists died, it's pretty unlikely that he painted that picture. Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=568.0,582.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Great. Are there other lamps similar to this elsewhere in the world are excuses pretty unique?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=583.0,588.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Oh, this is the first of the laboratories I'm sure we can talk about that later. But this was the first center devoted to tree ring research and And it remains the largest and most active at the laboratories throughout the world. But over the last 20 years, Malcolm, I would say there's been a burgeoning of interest in this discipline. I would imagine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=589.0,612.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: that Dr. Douglas spawn many PhDs that have taken this knowledge elsewhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=613.0,616.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Oh, yes. All from throughout the world. There are people who have been trained right here at the University of Arizona in the laboratory of triggering research, that have gone back to their home countries or other parts of the United States. And there are now exist, literally dozens and dozens of centers of tree ring research in most countries of the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=617.0,639.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: I know the lab got its first international reputation dating archaeological sites in Arizona and elsewhere. Maybe you could tell us a little bit about those and mentioned maybe Dr. Hughes when Dr. banisters is done, tell us about some projects that you're into now. So I'll just talk about the early days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=640.0,656.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well in the you want the early days,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=657.0,659.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: not diverse. I guess I'm asking about the the dating of there was not Hopi sites in northern Arizona.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=660.0,665.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, we have we're doing a lot of work. Work now on various living Indian ruins will take the Hopi cities of Northern Arizona. Recently, we completed a major study working with the Hopi Indians themselves, this work was concentrated at walby Pueblo, many of your viewers will recognize the name. It's one of the pueblos on the Hopi reservation that is still being lived in. And there was some restoration work going there. We sent crews into into this living Pueblo, we collected samples, and established the dates of when these beams were originally cut by the by the forbearers of the people living there. Now, similarly, we're doing a study in New Mexico, Acoma Pueblo, which is the sky village of the Rio Grande area. And this is the sort sort of study that still involves archaeology. But it's sort of a living archaeology, because we are working with the Indians that that live there. And they're fascinated in knowing when their houses, their rooms, and the beams were originally referred back to some of them go, Well, for example, that wallpaper, the last collection we made there, and several months ago, about a month ago, as a matter of fact, that material is now been studied. And most of the beams were cut in 1620 1648, I'm off 647 716 48. I could be off in here, I just read a report the other day, but I've already forgotten","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=666.0,778.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: what else you're working on now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=779.0,780.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Those there's much of that what kind of work going on. And then we are involved in some new work in trying to see if we can use tree rings, to give us a background level of variation in tree growth against which we can assess the impact of changes in air quality of air pollution. And there are a couple of projects one looking at the whole of the Western US another focusing on part of Arizona, primarily those places where ponderosa pine grows cross and muggy on rim. And in some of the mountains of the southeastern part of the state. We are also engaged in work in the kingdom of Morocco. One of the dogs have stopped and one of the faculty members in the laboratory has been engaged in constructing histories of drought in the last 1000 years in Morocco, and is finding some fascinating information both about the frequency and intensity of drought in the past, which is of great interest to the government of Morocco. And some clues to the causes of those droughts that relate to the behavior of the North Atlantic Ocean and the Sahara Desert. So that it's focusing in on one region, but here he is able to look at very large scale processes in the Earth's atmosphere and climate system over a period of 1000 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=781.0,874.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: I've got a question I've been curious about ever since I began reading about dendrochronology. A little bit of Jerusalem is just about the exact Latitude North is Arizona has to sign in fact, real similar climate, roughly the same elevation. It would seem you could apply dendrochronology to Biblical sites and get some pretty precise dates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=875.0,894.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, Dr. Bannister is one of the people who has come near us to that one problems, however, I would say before passing to him is that in the eastern Mediterranean, as in much of Europe, two people have been busy for a very long time. So you have a real shortage of all living trees in which to connect from the archaeological timbers to the present. But there's a lot of interest in that region. There's ancient olive trees there there too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=895.0,921.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: But olive trees do not have the type of annual ring that we can work with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=922.0,926.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: a really What a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=927.0,927.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: shame. That's one of the problems. But it's, it's an interesting that you should raise that question because this, this concept of applying this very successful technique has evolved here in the southwest, into the ancient world, the eastern Mediterranean, the concept was discussed at great length in the very, very early days of of Douglas, the great Egyptian, Egyptologist breasted, and so on, we have a lot of correspondence between those two gentlemen that I resurrected some years ago, because I was also interested in that part of the world. But what Dr. Hughes was referring to, one has to start with living trees, working back as far as they will go, and then find older materials in which to extend the chronology back in time and we're starting, we're looking at chronology lengths, in that part of the world have 3000 years, 4000 years, 5000 years. And it's a long process, but the work is underway. Granted,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=928.0,1000.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: we're almost done with time for this segment. But while we're still talking about the lab, before we run out of time, I want to ask you, not to put down you or anyone your department University, but your your resource to the entire world. But you've been in the same facility for about 50 years, you're stuck under the football stadium, and I realized that this isn't the sexiest high tech field in the world. But why are you still there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1001.0,1024.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1025.0,1026.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: you just got here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1027.0,1031.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: I think I'd better be diplomatic j to say the least. And you can respond in this way. Great scientific events take place underneath stadiums. Okay. The first atomic pile Mr. Fermi at the University of Chicago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1032.0,1047.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Okay, that's a great place to leave this segment. We'll be back in just a minute. Welcome back to Arizona alumni forum, Jay Rocklin here with doctors Hughes and Dr. banister of the U of A's dendrochronology lab, talking about tree ring research. Let's go back to the beginning of the tree ring lab and Dr. Douglas, who we've been referring to during the entire program. You remember him tell us about him. Dr. Bannister? Well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1048.0,1104.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: I consider it a great privilege to have known him. I worked with Dr. Douglas for a dozen years or so before his death. He was a very warm man, he he came to this institution in 1906.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1105.0,1123.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: He's in the man wasn't around 10 years at the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1124.0,1127.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Yes, we were brand new. Not even a lamp in the desert. We were just a little glimmer in the desert. And Douglas was a very, very vital person, he just radiated energy. And he did so throughout his life. He's the man that started astronomy on this campus. He was the first head of the department of astronomy he created that department he built the steward observatory. And his work basically laid the foundation then for the great strides that this campus has made in the world of astronomy. But above and beyond that, he pursued his interests in tree rings, which initially started out as simply a mechanism for solving an astronomical problem. That work had been started at Flagstaff, Arizona, where he had been before he came here. And through his long career, he was president of the university. He was first dean of the old College of Letters arts and sciences, which was later disbanded later, again reestablished by 1937. When he was 70 years of age, the Board of Regents in early December put into motion the recognize the need for establishing an institution to protect the university's interests in tree rings. And that was when the Laboratory of tree ring research was created. And Douglas became the first director of that laboratory, but he continued as director until he was in his 90s. Incredible. And that, that kind of gives you a concept of this enormous energy, vitality, tremendous curiosity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1128.0,1255.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: want to focus in on two parts of his life, the beginning of his life here and also the end. What was his interest in dendrochronology? Sort of, or, or the realization that it exists a sort of a Eureka kind of thing? Or did he always know about dendrochronology?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1256.0,1270.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: No, he started in a way that like most scientific events take place. It wasn't a Eureka sort of thing at all. That's a nice story, but it doesn't happen all that often. He started looking at the rings in trees to see if they reflected the environment around them. In particular, he was looking for sunspot records because he was an astronomer that was the astronomical problem he wanted to solve. But it was a long, slow halting process that took place over 1015 years before it really began to mesh in his mind and the basic and fundamental principles that we use and dendrochronology citta de had been conceived and tested and proven to work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1271.0,1319.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: We need to break one more time. We'll get to the last part of his life as soon as we come back and then get into a little bit of the future of dendrochronology. Please stay with us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1320.0,1344.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Back on Arizona alumni forum. Thanks for staying with us. We're talking about tree ring research with doctors Malcolm us and Brian Bannister. When we last left off Dr. Bannister, we're talking about the early days of a Douglas. Let's talk about his final days, he stayed healthy till just about the end. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1345.0,1358.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: he did indeed he was 94 as I indicated honey died. But he stayed on as director into his 90s. And right up to the end, he continued to work. He finally stepped down as director, retired but didn't retire. He kept it kept working.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1359.0,1380.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Great. There's a new day for dendrochronology. Right now, Dr. Hughes. And there's your I understand you're dressing all kinds of problems that we're thinking about worrying about right now like the greenhouse effect, for example.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1381.0,1392.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Yet, in actual fact, there are a range of things that are related to one another that has to do with the composition and the behavior of the Earth's atmosphere. And there has been a lot of concern about the effect of increasing carbon dioxide in the air that is put there by the use of fossil fuels and by the burning of forests. That the concern is of two sorts. One is is this going to affect the climate? Is it going to heat the earth up? Is it going to move the climate zones around and shift rainfall? The other concern is perhaps that increasing carbon dioxide will fertilize plant growth. It's well known in horticulture that you can stimulate growth of plants by increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air. And that is a possible explanation for some results that some researchers in the lab group of people professors Fred Sinhala Marsh and Dr. Grable and others, have found that Bristlecone pines growing at the upper limit of their distribution in the mountains of the US West, seem to have grown more rapidly in the last 100 or 150 years than at any time in the last 8000 years. And that's hard to explain. And one explanation that we're looking at is that the not the increase in temperature, but the increase in carbon dioxide is directly fertilizing those trees. If that's the case that has enormous implications for the rest of the plant world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1393.0,1481.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Is there any way that dendrochronology can assign that one out of probably 1000s of variables to the cause that you're describing or the effect you're describing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1482.0,1488.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: on it? So know what it can do is that it can help us ask the right question that we can come at experimentally, for example, by looking at trees and control chambers. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1489.0,1500.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: another interesting thing that I understand tree research has done has helped us to make the use of carbon 14 dating more accurate. Yes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1501.0,1509.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: that happened because it's been possible to build a continuous series of tearing records have absolutely known dates over more than 8000 years using original campaign and are almost the same length in Europe, using oaks from the bogs of Northern Ireland primarily. And in the first instance, the work was done here based on bristlecone pine, and it's possible to take a block of wood of known age and check the carbon 14 ratios in it. And so calibrate carbon 14 introduced a new precision to that to that whole process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1510.0,1547.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: climatology is another exciting area that you're getting into. And I'm just really curious about how say the fact that there was a rainy year back in 1500, on the Indian Reservation has anything to do with what's going to happen 1015 years out in 1987?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1548.0,1561.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, the first answer, the simplest one is what has happened can happen. So at least it gets us that far. But then, over and above that we're not looking just at one location, we're looking at the pattern over the earth over much of the Northern Hemisphere, in fact, have those kinds of weather events, and how they recur over periods of years. So it's the behavior of the whole climate system that we're able to get at. And if we can help our climatologist colleagues to understand that, then their power to predict will improve.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1562.0,1592.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Okay, and one last thing I want to get into is fire. Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1593.0,1596.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Some fascinating things have been done with tree rings over the years simply in dating the scars that are left in wood by fires. And at the moment we're starting a feasibility project with the National Park Service on the giant sequoias, the largest but not the oldest living trees, and we hope to reconstruct fire history over 1000s of years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1597.0,1614.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: fascinating topic, all of it Dr. Hughes, Dr. Bannister. Thanks for sharing your time with us today. We appreciate it. We'll see you next month.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334#t=1615.0,1617.0"}]},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73585/file/159334/transcript/37780/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/037/780/original/azu_ms646-023_a.vtt?1652821403","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/037/780/original/azu_ms646-023_a.vtt?1652821403"}]}]}]}