{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/kp7tm72z87/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Violent Crime Race Assassinations"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/038/original/university-libraries-logo-2x.png?1711560609","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["University of Arizona Libraries"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["Copyright held by University of Arizona Libraries"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["Arizona Alumni Forum videocassettes, MS 646, box 5, tape 3"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Clarke, James W., 1937- (interviewee)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["4/19/92"]}},{"label":{"en":["Coverage"]},"value":{"en":["Arizona--Tucson (spatial)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Guest – James W. Clarke, University of Arizona Political Scientist. Mr. Clarke speaks of his theories concerning racial bias as it involves violent crime. He also speaks regarding his research into several famous assassinations in the 1960’s."]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["U-matic"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["MS646.061 (uid)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["Arizona Alumni Forum videocassettes (part of)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["Interviews"]}}],"summary":{"en":["Guest – James W. Clarke, University of Arizona Political Scientist. Mr. Clarke speaks of his theories concerning racial bias as it involves violent crime. He also speaks regarding his research into several famous assassinations in the 1960’s."]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["Copyright held by University of Arizona Libraries"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["University of Arizona Libraries"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["University of Arizona Libraries"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/038/original/university-libraries-logo-2x.png?1711560609","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/159/988/small/azu_ms646-061_a.mp4_1653328523.jpg?1653328524","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - azu_ms646-061_a.mp4"]},"duration":1917.449,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/159/988/small/azu_ms646-061_a.mp4_1653328523.jpg?1653328524","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-arizona.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/159/988/original/azu_ms646-061_a.mp4?1653328513","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":1917.449,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["ms646-061 [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Arizona alumni forum brought to you by the 145,000 members of the Arizona Alumni Association and the state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=63.0,72.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Either there good to have you with us. I'm Jay Rocklin editor of the University of Arizona's alumni magazine. My guest today is Professor James Clark. He's a professor of political science at the University of Arizona. But the reason we have him here today is his area of interest. He's published three books on violent crime, fascinating books. One it's called American assassins went through the whole history of assassinations in the United States. Second, one last rampage about the Tyson brothers who created some real havoc back in, I guess, the early 80s. We'll talk about that in a minute. And also went on john Hinckley. Good to have you with us, Professor Clark.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=73.0,106.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=107.0,106.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: So you've been working on violent crime or at least publishing about violent crime big books since 1982, more than a decade. Tell us about that interest?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=107.0,115.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, I guess you could say it's morbid curiosity or, or something like that. But I became interested in assassinations in the 1960s. Like a lot of Americans. And instead of just wondering about it, I decided to go out and, and research it. And I spent about 10 years doing research, which resulted in the book American assassin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=116.0,141.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: So you really started working on it in 1972?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=142.0,144.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, I actually started working on it. In 1968, I became curious right","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=145.0,150.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: after the Kennedy assassination. Well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=151.0,152.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: yeah, in the Martin Luther King assassination, I was living in the south at the time, and I became very curious about the motives behind that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=153.0,160.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: I want to get to those subjects later and talk about Hinkley or rather the Tyson's and the death penalty later on. But you're working on something new right now something that's really interesting and a subject that's it's gonna be pretty controversial, possibly the idea of race and crime. Tell us in general terms about how you got started thinking about, about that, how that relates to violent crime, which has been your area, and other things we might look for?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=161.0,185.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, for the last 20 years, I've taught graduate and undergraduate courses in the area of race and public policy. And during that time, like most Americans, I've become very aware that crime definitely has a racial caste to it. And in the 1960s, when violent crime escalated, or rose dramatically. Statistics came to my attention and have been borne out since then, that approximately 50% of the violent crime in America is committed by young black males. If you had to guess who would be the most probable perpetrator of a violent crime, armed robbery, rape, or murder, it would be a young black male. And so my curiosity about why this is so led me into this new project, which I'm in the midst of I don't have any great conclusions to offer to you at this time, but it's something that I've spent the last several years on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=186.0,250.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Can you talk a little bit more about some of the other questions you're trying to answer by this research? So you're wondering why half the crimes in this country are committed by young, violent crime, violent crimes, right, what else are you asking about?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=251.0,262.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, I want to know when this began, unfortunately, most studies on crime, more or less assume that this problem began in the 1960s or maybe in the post World War Two era. And I don't think that's true, that it's my opinion. And I think I'm going to be able to document this convincingly, that the problem of race and crime began a long time ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=263.0,288.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: and I'm talking about being debt well being hundreds of years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=289.0,291.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: hundreds of years. It began when we brought people to this country against their will in chains in In 1619, the first slaves arrived, it began when those first European Americans decided that they wanted that Land Beyond the next hill, and killed Native Americans to get it. So we're talking about conquest here and a struggle in that occurred in a developing nation between a growing European population and a minority, non European population. And that is the essence of the racial, the racial issue in this country. So in order to understand why there has been a virtual war between whites and blacks in this country, you have to place this struggle in a historical context. It didn't begin in the inner cities, in the 1960s. With the riots, it didn't begin when families within the black community began to experience difficulties, the single parent phenomenon and so forth. It began a long time ago. And in within the social and behavioral sciences, for example, one of the most widely and consistently confirmed hypothesis. You know, in social and behavioral sciences, we have a lot of theory, which isn't terribly predictive. But this is one of the best predictive theories is that a violent past is the best clue that one has the future violence. If you have an individual, whether he's in a prison, or if you have a country that's been violent in the past, your best guess is they will continue to be. So within the racial context of American history, we have had an unrelenting history of violence. It began with slavery. But most people don't understand that after emancipation, after a slaves were freed in in 1865, with the 13th amendment, that really, this brought in an unprecedented period of what can only be described as a Reign of Terror, where whites use violence as a new means to control the recently freed black population.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=292.0,433.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: We need to break on that note, I've got lots more to ask him prob about. It opened up a fascinating area. We hope you stay with us on Arizona alumni forum. We'll be back in a minute and a half.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=434.0,541.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Thanks for staying with us in Arizona alumni forum J. Rocklin. here with you talking with Professor Jim Clark of the University of Arizona's political science department, about violence, about race and about crime are pretty much set so far. Dr. Clark in a historical context, before we get back to some particulars, I want to ask you about the idea of different contexts that you could have looked at the problem from your your question is, why is this happening? Why is the young black male, the most likely person to commit a violent crime in America today? Why didn't you look at it say from a sociological context? Oh, he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=542.0,575.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: did. I mean, I considered all sorts of explanations for this, that have been put forward. For example, poverty is yes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=576.0,584.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: example.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=585.0,586.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Not true. I mean, it doesn't take too much thought to realize that most poor people aren't criminals, let alone violent criminals. I've looked at the van. The idea that social disorganization, that somehow when blacks moved to the cities, the urbanization process created havoc within the family. Not so most. I mean, I'm not denying that those problems exist, but they are not a cause of violent crime. To look at the cause of violent crime, I think you have to go back and look at the experience of what I'm referring to is a virtual racial guerrilla war between a dominant white race and a black race, then that war occurred largely in the south until blacks around world war one and then again in World War Two, left the South in great numbers, and then this, then the the warfare shifted to to the cities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=587.0,650.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Okay, let me ask you that, as we left the last segment, you'd painted a picture of blacks being pretty horrendous victims of crime for the 100 years after emancipation or something, right? When did blacks, they're the blacks that you're studying, in this particular context, become the perpetrators of crime, as opposed to the victims of crime? Or are they both for that matter? Still?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=651.0,675.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Okay. Well, let me back up a little bit and explain what I meant here. You know, one of the paradoxes of emancipation or the ratification of the 13th Amendment, which all your viewers I'm sure know, freed the slaves. One of the, the great ironies of that is that in freeing slaves from their masters, who had a pecuniary interest in them, they were property. That amendment made blacks vulnerable to every white person. Because under slavery, you see, owners protected their slaves, much as ranchers protect their livestock, a slave, a healthy adult male slave was worth maybe $2,000, an owner wouldn't let that someone Lynch that piece of property","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=676.0,730.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: or beat or starve or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=731.0,731.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: right now, he would administer punishment. And of course, lashing and whipping were a common means of punishment under slavery. But after slavery after emancipation, when when blacks were afraid, they no longer had their value as property. And this made them vulnerable to the violent whims of a war torn population of Southern whites, who were quick to replace the lash with the news. So the epidemic of lynching which which occurred in the south some 3000, blacks conservative estimate, were lynched between 1882 when statistics were first kept up through the 1950s. This lynching reached its peak during the 1890s. But there were many more blacks killed after slavery than there were before. And so when scholars refer vaguely to this idea of a legacy of slavery, it really doesn't get to the issue, that for the typical black American, that individual had to endure a period of what could easily be described as a reign of random terror in the south for nearly 100 years up through the 1950s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=732.0,814.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: It gets back to my question, why, or when, or how did they become the perpetrators of crime? Okay, so the recipients are victims of violence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=815.0,823.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Okay, this is a complicated question, and I wish I had about another hour to talk about it, but I'm going to try and hope your viewers are going to be tolerant. Here, I'm going to try to compress a lot of information until about 25 words, after emancipation, when when blacks were free. Southern law enforcement was primarily concerned in controlling that population and supplying a cheap form of labor through arbitrary laws, which made vagrancy a crime elevated petty theft of a item worth $10, to grand larceny. And the purpose of this was to supply cheap convict labor for convict leasing programs. Southern law enforcement was notoriously indifferent, however, to black on black crime. All right, which meant, and here's where I'm compressing a lot of stuff, which meant that blacks in the south, the newly freed blacks never felt that they could call on law enforcement to do what we whites have always depended on law enforcement to do protect them to become an arbiter in disagreements and so forth. Now, today, to Jumping another 100 years. Today, if you listen to the lyrics of rap groups like like Public Enemy, one of their one of their tunes is 911 is a joke for black people. 911 has been a joke for over 100 years. So if you can't call the police to manage domestic disputes, for example, how do you do it? You do it yourself. And so violent crime began to increase within the black population following emancipation. But the reasons are much more complex than","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=824.0,931.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: can we'll pursue that a little bit. We need to break amazingly quickly again, I will be back again real quick on Arizona alumni forum.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=932.0,1038.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: This is Arizona alumni forum. I'm Jay Rocklin editor of the University of Arizona's alumni magazine if you just joined us, our guest is Professor James Clark of the University of Arizona. He's written three books about violent crime to refresh your memories. One is called American assassins written in 82. Last rampage and a book about john Hinckley right now. He's working on a book about race and crime question that I imagine what hope is going through people's minds that have been with us since the beginning of the program today is why black people, why not other poor people, races, other minorities who are just as poor and just as powerless when it comes right down to it in today's world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=1039.0,1079.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Good question, because no other minority in American history, with the exception of possibly Native Americans, however, we're never enslaved. No other minority in American history has endured. The violent past that the black population in this country has no one even comes close. I mean, my grandfather was an immigrant to this country and worked in coal mines, and I heard the stories about oppression, and so forth. But there was nothing in these experiences to compare with slavery, a Reign of Terror, which followed slavery, the lynching epidemic lynching epidemic that declined, and in its place a capital punishment, epidemic. Violence begets violence and the black population in this country. And I don't say this as some bleeding heart liberal. I say this as a scholar who's looked at the objective evidence, the black population in this country has endured a legacy and violence, that when the facts are known, it makes one cringe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=1080.0,1146.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Let's go back to your hypotheses that you talked about in the previous segment about the best way to predict future violence is to look at current or past violence. I would imagine that things are as bad today as they've ever been, if not worse, that's as bad news for a future doesn't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=1147.0,1160.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, violent crime today is a major national concern. And, you know, violent crime is, as I mentioned earlier in the program jumped dramatically in the 1960s and has remained quite high. And so it is very rational and logical for, for people not to wander the streets at night in a city or whatever. And I think that, yes, that I don't see anything that's occurring, which is likely to diminish the rate of violent crime. Now, let me add here, however, because it's Popular for people to say, oh, America is the most violent society and we kill 20,000 people a year with handguns, and so forth and look at Europe, and we've killed more people in three years. And then or in one year then have died in Denmark since the end of the war, you know, statistics like that. But we have a free and open society here. And here, I'm putting America in a context, I'm tired of this American violence stuff, which is so glib and so easy. We live in a free and open society, which also permits people to buy handguns almost as easily as you can buy a wristwatch. So when you take handguns, alcohol and crowding in cities, you have a lot of violence, right? I mean, there's nothing nationalistic about it, it's just a volatile combination of elements which produce violence. Now, when we look at Europe, true, we don't see hand gun violence, we don't see the murder, homicide rates to compare with ours. But if we look at European history, most of these European societies, with England being an exception here are highly were it at least during significant portions of their history, very authoritarian regime societies. In authoritarian societies, you have a lot of violence, but it's violence that is committed not breaking the rules, as it is in American society where we violate the law and we kill one another. in European society, we have generations of violence where they slaughtered millions of people, following the orders of generals and so forth on a quest for political power. And that's true of China. It's true for all these countries that we'd like to, to, you know, people who want to put on American society bring up as examples. It's a different kind of violence in this country, violence has been individualistic, anarchistic, whatever you strictly a function of the freedom that we enjoy in European societies. It's been violence inflicted by armies. But I want to turn back to your research in the book that's going to come out hopefully, last year about that later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=1161.0,1327.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Can you discuss a little bit how you're going about researching these very, very difficult and complex questions? What are you looking at?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=1328.0,1335.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, one of the first sources of information that I've decided to that I'm spending a lot of time on. And it's interesting, because this source of information has been so widely neglected by by scholars, and that is, the interviews which were done in the 1930s by the Works Progress Administration of former slaves. And there's some 2000 interviews that we're done. At this time, most of these people were old, quite old. And there are problems with the data, as we say, but no more problems than relying on the testimonies and the words in the diaries of plantation owners. I'm looking at these interviews, in an attempt to sift through that and to to discover the essence of what was the experience not only in slavery that they remember, but the experience in this period of terror, which followed emancipation in the last quarter of the 19th century. So I'm going for the first time to the words of the victims, rather than the official statements of what happened. Fascinating.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=1336.0,1405.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: And to close out the segment. We have one more coming up when remind people but a close out this when we looked at this book, do you have any idea? Well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=1406.0,1412.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: I don't know. I'm just in the process of writing it. And I guess for some you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=1413.0,1418.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: never know, you said you took 10 years to write American Well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=1419.0,1421.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: it won't be 10 years. I'm getting quicker.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=1422.0,1423.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: krim older a bit quicker. Good. We'll be right back here on Arizona alumni forum last Dr. Clark about the recent interest in the Kennedy assassination. Hope you stick around for that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=1424.0,1533.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Back again on Arizona alumni forum, Jay Rocklin here with Professor Jim Clark at the University of Arizona, Dr. Clark wrote a book about 10 years ago on American assassins. And I think he's the right guy to ask about the Kennedy assassination in general, Dr. Clark, all kinds of new books coming out the movie, and at least maybe seven different books by a couple of relatives of mafiosos, that a doctor that was there at the bedside that day in Dallas, all kinds of points of view, what's going on? Why now? Why are we still asking questions nearly 30 years later?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=1534.0,1569.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, the Kennedy assassination, unlike any other assassination in American history, was the first assassination that literally millions of Americans experienced on what amounted to a firsthand basis. I mean, we saw those, those, that whole weekend of grief, we saw the replays of the Zapruder film. And there's never been an assassination in history, even Lincoln's assassination when there was widespread mourning that has had the impact of that one. So as we all know, people who were alive at the time can remember what they were doing at the moment. Now, in the rush to judgment as Mark lane, use that term, the Warren Commission come up with a conclusion that Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone in reaching that conclusion, a lot of evidence was ignored or wasn't treated with the care perhaps that it should have been. And so it's reasonable for people to wonder whether a tragedy of this proportion could have just happened as the result of the actions of some little white guy with a rifle. Okay, it just doesn't add up. So, there's been a curiosity that hasn't gone away now, you know, for for 30 years. The JFK film out of her stones film, however, I think really takes advantage of that curiosity in presenting a scenario which is, in my opinion, wildly unrealistic, and really obscures. more fundamental questions, honest questions that could be asked about whether a second gunman was involved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=1570.0,1676.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: So people aren't gonna let me get let you get out of here. Without asking you as someone who studied assassinations, who is curious and violence, curious about assassinations in general, what do you really think? Well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=1677.0,1688.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: I lay yourself. Yeah, I think what I thought in in 1982, when I published that book, and which is that is, in my view, the evidence clearly indicates that Lee Harvey Oswald fired fatal shots, which killed President Kennedy. I think it's reasonable, however, to think that there could have been a second assassin, reasonable, largely because of the problems with the single bullet theory. It's possible but unlikely that a bullet, a single bullet did as much damage as that one did. So I'm ready for new evidence. But I haven't seen the new evidence, Oliver Stone didn't produce new evidence. Oliver Stone reached the point that many researchers have and he invented a fictitious character played by Donald Sutherland, who spun out this scenario of conspiracy. I think the best evidence really that there probably wasn't a conspiracy, and it probably was the action of Leo Oswald along with something that I haven't heard anybody mentioned. And that was that the President's brother Robert F. Kennedy, was the Attorney General of the United States when that happened. Sure, he had access to all the evidence. Robert Kennedy, as some of your viewers will remember, was a very tough, some would say vindictive man. He was described as ruthless at that time in his prosecution of organized crime figure, Jimmy Hoffa. I think that if Robert F. Kennedy thought that anyone else was involved in his brother's assassination, given the grief that he experienced and the frustration he had, having this career, these goals terminated, that he would have pursued any evidence. Yeah. And he didn't, and he had the file sealed. Now, why would he Why did he have the file sealed? The answer to that, I think and I hope those files will The unsealed is that he wanted to protect his brother's reputation. Because now as we know from reading the tabloids, his brother had a fairly energetic personal life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=1689.0,1813.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Yeah. It's been a pleasure talking with you today. I can't wait to hear more about your new research and read the book when it comes out and mind people to the others are still available, I imagine. I hope okay. This has been Arizona alumni forum brought to you by the University of Arizona's Alumni Association on this station. My guest today has been Dr. James Clark of the University of Arizona's political science department. I'm Jay Rocklin editor of view obeys alumni magazine. I hope you'll join us next month on Arizona alumni forum.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=1814.0,1875.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Okay, I could just play","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988#t=1876.0,1878.0"}]},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73623/file/159988/transcript/37900/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/037/900/original/azu_ms646-061_a.vtt?1653328584","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/037/900/original/azu_ms646-061_a.vtt?1653328584"}]}]}]}