{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/j09w08xf0t/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Episode 8726: James Officer"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/038/original/university-libraries-logo-2x.png?1711560609","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["KPOL"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["Eyewitness to History videocassettes, MS 685, box 2, tape 19"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Chanin, Abraham S., 1921- (interviewer)","Officer, James (interviewee)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1987"]}},{"label":{"en":["Coverage"]},"value":{"en":["Arizona"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAbraham (Abe) Chanin interviews University of Arizona anthropology professor and civil servant James Officer.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["U-Matic"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["MS685.019 (uid)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["Eyewitness to History videocassettes (part of)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["Interviews"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAbraham (Abe) Chanin interviews University of Arizona anthropology professor and civil servant James Officer.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"provider":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["University of Arizona Libraries"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["University of Arizona Libraries"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/038/original/university-libraries-logo-2x.png?1711560609","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/160/226/small/azu_ms685-019_a.mp4_1653500710.jpg?1653500711","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - azu_ms685-019_a.mp4"]},"duration":1650.027,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/160/226/small/azu_ms685-019_a.mp4_1653500710.jpg?1653500711","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-arizona.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/160/226/original/azu_ms685-019_a.mp4?1653500702","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":1650.027,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["MS685-019 [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Welcome to eyewitness to history, your personal trip through history. A trip through history as we experienced it and remember it a trip through Living History. Professor H Chanot, who was a veteran of a half century of Arizona journalism will be your guide. You will visit with some of the state's most important personalities and your neighbors who are eyewitnesses to history. Today's guest is James officer Professor of Anthropology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=56.0,134.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Welcome to eyewitness to history. Our guest today is an old friend, James he officer professor of anthropology at the University of Arizona today. When he first came to Tucson, he was a radio announcer and as I recall a very good baseball announcer and many night we set out in Hi Corbett field while Jim broadcast the games of the Tucson cowboys. And then your career evolved. And you became an anthropologist, very interested in the affairs of Hispanic and Indian cultures. Jim, when was it that then why did you really change over you were at you were a Midwesterner. And I wonder how was it that you change your career direction entirely.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=135.0,176.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: But it wasn't so dramatic changes, you may think a because when I came to Tucson, in 1946, I had already made up my mind that I wanted to study anthropology. I had been a journalism major earlier at the University of Kansas and a radio announcer in Missouri and Kansas and here in Arizona. But I decided that I wanted to go with anthropology. And so the reason that I continued the career as radio announcer as long as I did, is simply because it took me so damn long to get through the university. I was at the University of Arizona for 10 years as a student, as I worked all that time as a radio now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=177.0,213.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: it was really because you were working that you took so long, it wasn't that you weren't a good student, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=214.0,217.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: if I hadn't been working, I wouldn't have been a student at all. I couldn't afford it otherwise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=218.0,221.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: And Jim, I'm curious what really turned your interest towards anthropology and the history of, of people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=222.0,230.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: And I suppose I have to go back quite a ways for that a But although I was born in Colorado and brought up in Missouri and Kansas, my parents had lived in New Mexico. In fact, they lived there right up to three weeks before I was born. They taught school at Santa Clara Pueblo in New Mexico, and they lived in Espanola, the old Spanish town. My mother was an early student at what was then known as Las Vegas Normal School, which is now New Mexico Highlands, and I grew up with stories of the Southwest. I grew up seeing photographs of Hispanic and Indian friends of my parents. I had some exposure to the arts and crafts of the Southwest that they things they brought back with them. Interestingly, one of my older brothers early nursemaids was Marguerite at the FOIA, very famous Santa Clara Potter, my mother and she retained a close relationship throughout the rest of both their lives. And so I had something of this as a background when I came to Arizona first in the in the early 40s, to work in radio at Katiyar up in Phoenix, and that brought me right into contact with all of these kinds of things. things that I'd been interested in for a long time. And I suppose while I was living in Phoenix, I decided maybe that I'd like to turn my future into a somewhat different direction. But it took me a long time finally to get the job done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=231.0,313.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Now your career, changed directions again. And you went to Washington Ubik. You're involved in politics and the Udall campaigns and Udall offices and you went to Washington, you served as associate and assistant US commissioner of Indian Affairs, you also served as information officer with the US Department of State and you were in Chile. I'm wondering, all these experiences, they also helped build up in the interest that drove you towards a career in anthropology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=314.0,342.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, of course, I'd already tilted my career in that direction when I went to work for the State Department. This was an opportunity that came to me quite unexpectedly in 1950. Dr. David Patrick, who was later a vice president of the university was a close personal friend. And he learned about a new program that the State Department was inaugurated. And he felt someone with a little bit of background in anthropology might be especially well qualified for that program. And so I applied and, to my great surprise, I was chosen as one of 22 departmental interns who were enrolled in a class in 1950. And when I completed that class, which took a year's time, I was assigned to Chile as an information officer. But I didn't find the Diplomatic Service entirely to my liking. And I decided to come back and pursue a graduate degree in anthropology, but being in Chile, exposed me to the Indian problems of that country. And I began to see some similarities in the situation there and that in the United States, and, and then when later I was in the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Department of the Interior, I had a chance to really expand my horizons in that area of Indian administration, in the United States and in other areas as well, because the Secretary of State named me as the US representative to the Inter American Indian Institute, which is an agency of the Organization of American States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=343.0,427.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: When was this Jim,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=428.0,428.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: this was a night in the 1960s. I don't remember precisely which year I was named. But I was the one of the members of the US delegation to the Inter American Indian Congress that was held in Quito, Ecuador in 1964. And from that time on, I had a an expanding relationship with colleagues in the different Latin American countries, all through the continent, and those I have managed to retain up to the present day. So I just had a broader knowledge as a result of these other experiences. You've just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=429.0,459.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: written a book on Hispanic history, Hispanic, Arizona, from the years 1536 to 1856. What was the important of the Hispanics in this area at that time, Jim?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=460.0,473.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, I think my old mentor Dr. Edward Spicer, in a magnificent book have he has written a number of years ago called cycles of conquest, called attention to the fact that when the Spaniards came in, it created a new cultural dynamic in this area, and nothing was ever the same. After the Spaniards first settled in the southwest, nothing was the same for the Indian populations. And certainly not the same for the early Hispanic settlers either. It was a cultural dynamic that has continued to the present day, and a very impressive one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=474.0,507.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: the arrival of the Spaniards very shortly because we're going to take a break, but I do want to ask you this question, the arrival of the Spaniards, what did it mean to the Indians?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=508.0,517.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, it meant some good and some very bad, of course, the one thing that is impressive is how quickly the Indians picked up some of the things the Spanish brought with them. I think equally impressive is how quickly the Spaniards learned from the Indians. And if they hadn't, they wouldn't have survived. We'll take","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=518.0,533.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: a break. We'll be right back to talk some more about that dramatic change in Arizona history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=534.0,575.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Then we were talking about that very important period of Arizona history when the Spanish came into this area, the conquistador race and the Padres. And there was an exchange between the Indian culture and the Spanish culture. I wish to talk just a little more of what the interchanges were.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=576.0,591.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, certainly they were. They were particularly notable in the area of foods. The Indians were already cultivating corn and beans and squash and millet and some other things. And the Spaniards very quickly adapted themselves to those kinds of foods. Importantly, into this region, especially the Spaniards brought wheat. And in the areas along the heat of river and along the long stretches of the Colorado, and even in this region along the Santa Cruz and the San Pedro rivers, it was possible to cultivate wheat and wheat to gradually began to play as important a role in the lives of the more sedentary Indian groups, as corn had previously played. And so we have the flour tortilla in this particular region, thanks to the introduction of wheat. But we also kept the corn tortilla. So Sinara. And food is richer in that respect than the foods in some other parts of Mexico, because you had both of these basic grains that were used for the masa and for the making of tortillas. That was important. Certainly in religion, you had a lot of changes the the Indians or a portion of them anyway, adapted to Christianity in their own way. And it wasn't quite the way it may be that the priests had intended it to be, but something was better than nothing. And while they tried to lead the Indians more and more over into the area of traditional Catholicism, they couldn't take them all the way. And so you had a sort of folk Catholicism developing among the converted Indian peoples, that came to be the dominant form of Catholicism, even for the Mestizo, and ultimately, the Hispanic populations as well. So you had some exchanges that took place there. Those are the ones that strike me as particularly impressive, but there were influences in terms of clothing, in terms of irrigation practices, technology in general, and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=592.0,714.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: I'm curious, Jim, were the Indians better off for the arrival of the conquistadores and the Padres or not?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=715.0,722.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: I wouldn't attempt to to say whether they were better or worse off, I'm not in a position to make that kind of judgment. You know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=723.0,729.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: isn't it something maybe we can't really answer yet today?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=730.0,732.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: No, we can't answer it. There are plenty of people who give their answers, but I'd prefer not to get mixed up. All","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=733.0,738.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: right, well, let's turn to the Hispanics from the early computadoras. In the padres, who came into this area, this develop as a Spanish colony as a Mexican colony after 1821. What is the residue of that experience? What what what is the enrichment that we have today, from the history of the Hispanics in this area?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=739.0,762.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, of course, they built a basically Hispanic kind of culture in the region. It didn't completely overwhelm the Indians, but it certainly influenced them very greatly. And that has persisted. I tell my students, I teach a course in Mexican American culture. And I tell my students, it's it's really not correct to assume that every single person that you meet on the street who appears to be a Hispanic is descended from people who were here two and three and 400 years ago, because in many cases, it just isn't. So they are people whose ancestors came to Tucson and southern Arizona from each walk on and from Wahaca and want to Watteau and Jalisco and places farther south, and so on. But there is a substantial residue of Hispanic population in the region, for whom it can be said that their ancestors were here 200 And more years ago, and one of the great pleasures of working on this book of mine, has been getting me acquainted with the descendants of those people. Last summer, some people here locally decided it might be nice to have some kind of a ceremony to honor the descendants of the procedural soldiers in Tucson. And they came to me and said, Well, who who are these people? And it wasn't difficult at all for me to produce a big long list of names. And they began to get in touch with those people. And they were very excited about it. And they said, Oh, yes, well, yes, it's true that we are descended. But so is so and so. And we began to enlarge the network, you know, but it might","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=763.0,857.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: be interesting to point out to our viewers that in 1775, Tucson became a walled city, a procedural, with the Spanish soldiers defending against the raiding Indians.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=858.0,869.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, I think the the way to state that is that in 1775, the site that is today Tucson was designated to be a procedural. As far as we know, the soldiers didn't actually move up here until the following year, probably the following summer. And the the permanent adobe wall that surrounded the old fort was not so far as we know, completed until something like 1783 but it was in that period between 1775 and 1783. Tucson first took on a real Hispanic cast. Prior to that time, the only settlements in the immediate Tucson area and there were several were of Pima Indians. And while they had taken on a few Spanish characteristics, we couldn't say that the Spanish had altered the cultural landscape of Tucson very much prior to 1775. So the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=870.0,922.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: important period of the Spanish influence in this area really, we're talking about the 18th century than hardly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=923.0,928.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, we are for this immediate region. It began earlier south of us in Tubac, along the what we'd call the middle of Santa Cruz region, the Spaniards first began to settle in there, as nearly as I can judge sometime in the 1720s. And by the 1740s, there was a substantial number of them there. And then when Tubac was established as a procedural in 1752, is attracted even more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=929.0,954.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: And so what we have here today now, is an amalgamation as you say we have a few descendants of those early conquistadores and the soldiers who came to defend Tucson as a procedural. And then we have many newcomers. And when were those waves came in, Jim, when did the when did the others mainly come? They they were mostly from the Mexican states, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=955.0,977.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, the you had the beginnings of, of Mexican immigration to this area just as soon as the area became a part of the United States. In other words, there was an Hispanic population here already. And as soon as the Anglo Americans began to arrive with their new technologies, and additional capital and that sort of thing, and develop the region in ways that hadn't been developed before. Immediately, you began to have immigrants coming up from Mexico, many of them at the outset, were people who were already related to individuals who were in the community. And then gradually the emigration began to come from farther and farther south. Until by the time we get into the end of the present century, we have substantial waves of immigrants coming up from Central Mexico, and in more recent times, even from the southern part of the country. So these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=978.0,1026.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: were really when the Mexican flag flew over Tucson in 1821, then we that step up, then, and then it continued until the period when this became the United States. And now we're going to take a break and then I want to get back and talk more about the influence of the Spanish and then the Mexican cultures that remain with us today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=1027.0,1082.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Were talking about the influences that remain with us today from the overlay of the Spanish and the Mexican cultures on Tucson. And there are certain movements today that we see where they're want. Some people want a negation of these influences. I just wonder if you would talk for a moment about how you feel about what influences are here and whether they should remain whether they should be some change?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=1083.0,1107.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, I think as far as Tucson is concerned as perhaps compared with the rest of the state of Arizona, or much of the rest of it, I think movements such as the English only movement will have a good deal of difficulty in getting established in this community. Because there is a kind of a mystique about Tucson. That places great emphasis on its Hispanic past. And if you confuse the the English only movement with something that's anti Hispanic in character, you've already doomed it as far as Tucson is concerned, in my estimation, because even the newcomers to Tucson very often get caught up in that mystique. In fact, I think they come here looking for it to some degree. And even if they don't, it isn't very long afterward until they began to feel that they're not comfortable with their diets if Mexican food isn't an important part of it, and if they don't hear a little mariachi music once in a while they they got very lonely for it. I wrote a little book several years ago for the Arizona Academy for its town hall meeting on Arizona's Hispanic perspective, and that's what we call the book. And I indicated in the beginning of that, that there was this kind of mystique that existed here in certain parts of Arizona. I won't say that it's a part of Phoenix, but I think it's becoming more a part of Phoenix than it ever has been in the past. In a sense, I think the Hispanic cessation of Arizona continues and perhaps in some respects is stronger. today than it has been for a long time. And perhaps that's one of the reasons that for people, the few people in the state who may not feel comfortable with all of this, for the the initiation of this English only kind of thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=1108.0,1212.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, it's very interesting to hear you say this, but I want to challenge you with some statistics. Okay? When I grew up in Tucson, this was very heavily Hispanic, the percentages were over 50% Hispanic in the area. We're now down on a standard Pima County that 27% Hispanic, and we continue to have the great influx of Anglos into the area. Are you trying to tell me that in face of increasing Anglos, whose heritage is a totally different that they're going to hold on to this mystique? Jim?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=1213.0,1243.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, I'm going to be presumptuous at this point a I mean, you're the host on this show. And you know, I hate to contradict you, but when I was a student here in the your early years after World War Two, when you and I first got acquainted with each other 40 years or so ago, I wrote an article on Hispanics in Tucson, which later was published in the Kiva, which was the publication of the Arizona archaeological and historical society, in which I stated very boldly that Hispanics had outnumbered Anglos in Tucson until the period of the 40s, into the 50s, or into the 40s. And I that was published, you know, and then later, I got around to doing serious demographic research on the region. And I discovered that sometime in the period between 1910 and 1920, not only did Phoenix become a bigger city than Tucson, right, but in that period, the population balance shifted from Mexican to Anglo. And never since 1910. Have we had more Hispanics in Tucson than we have had Anglos","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=1244.0,1305.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: withdrawals, I don't go quite far.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=1306.0,1309.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: But I'll withdraw just. But when I did my basic research for my doctoral dissertation, which is the late 1950s, I went very carefully through census materials at that time, I counted Hispanic surname children in Tucson unified school district number one and the other districts of the area, and so on. And at that time, I felt that the Hispanic population of Tucson is as it could be judged from certain names, and I'd like to talk about that in a minute, because that's an interesting one was around 20%. Around 20%, in Tucson proper. Now, what year are you time talking now? 1960, roughly 1960,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=1310.0,1349.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: because the figures that were printed just recently showed 27.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=1350.0,1352.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: But I was gonna say, I have noticed, since then, that the figures have crept upward a little bit, I don't know what I think 9090 may show that they've dropped back a bit. But I was I was surprised in very carefully analyzing the statistics of 1980 to determine that the Tucsonans Hispanic population in that of the metropolitan area runs over a quarter over over 25% Because it had been less than that, when I did my work in the late 1950s. Now, what you will remember is I do also is that the most dramatic percentage increase in Tucsonans, population came between 1950 and 1960, as long as we got air conditioning, not in more recent times. So the interesting thing is, is how the Hispanic population has kept pace in this region in the last 10 to 20 years. And one one of the reasons is we've had a lot of in migration of Hispanics. Also, we think of it as all being the gringos coming into the Sunbelt. But I have gotten to know a remarkable number of people from New Mexico and Texas and California, the Mexican Americans who've made their homes in this region in the last 20 years. So we've had that element. We've had a higher birth rate by and large in the Mexican American community. And then we've had that continuing migration that comes in from Mexico. So I think they're slipping a bit now. But they have been holding their own fairly well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=1353.0,1441.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: What you're saying is, is very enlightening, and I think very encouraged, because I think the Hispanic, the Mexican influence, the Indian influence are very important for making us different than absolutely, absolutely are you we're talking about surnames we just have a bit of time left. Okay. Well, one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=1442.0,1456.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: of the fascinating things to me about the research I've done through the years is encountering this very large number of surnames that are Anglo and that are attached to people who are culturally invisibly Mexican, the Smiths, the browns, the woods, the wards, the Bartlett's and I could go on the barns, many others that I could mention, and it reflects the very, very high degree of intermarriage between Anglos and Hispanics in this community. I would venture it's as high as any major city anywhere in the southwest and probably much higher than most","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=1457.0,1488.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: gym officer been a fascinating study of of cultures that have intertwined in our area. And I want to thank you very much for being with us today on I witnessed the history And I hope you'll be back this next summer when another very important figure comes before our cameras on eyewitness to history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226#t=1489.0,1491.0"}]},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1978/collection_resources/74366/file/160226/transcript/38327/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/038/327/original/azu_ms685-019_a.vtt?1654116880","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/038/327/original/azu_ms685-019_a.vtt?1654116880"}]}]}]}