{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/b27pn8z726/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Dr. Charles Stockton on the Relation Between Sun Spots and Drought"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/038/original/university-libraries-logo-2x.png?1711560609","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["University of Arizona Libraries"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["Copyright held by University of Arizona Libraries"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["Accent: On University of Arizona, box 2, reel 10"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Beach, Mort (interviewer)","Stockton, Charles W. (interviewee)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["12/1/1977"]}},{"label":{"en":["Coverage"]},"value":{"en":["Arizona--Tucson (spatial)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Program topics - Dr. Charles Stockton, University of Arizona scientist, on the relation between sun spots and drought."]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["1/4 inch audio tape"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["MS641.054 (uid)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["Accent: On University of Arizona (part of)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["University of Arizona"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["Interviews"]}}],"summary":{"en":["Program topics - Dr. Charles Stockton, University of Arizona scientist, on the relation between sun spots and drought."]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["Copyright held by University of Arizona Libraries"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["University of Arizona Libraries"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["University of Arizona Libraries"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/038/original/university-libraries-logo-2x.png?1711560609","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - azu_ms641-054_side1_a.mp3"]},"duration":420.60075,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-arizona.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/159/846/original/azu_ms641-054_side1_a.mp3?1652741922","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mp3","duration":420.60075,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/transcript/37717","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["641-054 [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/transcript/37717/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: This is accent on the University of Arizona. I'm Mark beech to University of Arizona researchers have been studying the area of drought occurrence in the American West, and are now in the process of trying to relate their findings to probable causes. One of those scientists is with us today. Dr. Charles Stockton is an assistant professor of dendrochronology, or the study of tree rings at the University of Arizona. Dr. Stockton, I understand you're doing some research related to drought frequency.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846#t=6.0,34.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/transcript/37717/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Yes, Mark, we've been involved in this research, perhaps for the last three or four years. My primary interest is relating drought recurrence to water supply. However, we found that there are many, many other areas of interest in our drought study, for example, in food production, and of course to the agricultural community is interested in what we're doing. Our prime mission when we started this study was to look at long term occurrence of drought. And of course, to be able to do this, we have to use some sort of secondary technique. This is because most of the existing meteorological records may be only 40 or 50 years in length, and where we want to look at least two or 300 years. So our business and what we're interested in doing is using tree ring data, which is a proxy data of meteorological records to extend our knowledge in the past. And we have used some 40 different locations throughout Western North America to extend our record of drought and drought occurrence. Oh, for approximately 265 years, and boy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846#t=35.0,110.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/transcript/37717/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: since 19, are the 1700 1700. Are we in the midst of a drought right now?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846#t=111.0,116.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/transcript/37717/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, this is always a touchy question. And we think that the President drought situation is starting to taper off. We, if it reacts like it has over the past 265 years, we would expect the maximum area involved in drought to occur sometime late this year, early next year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846#t=117.0,140.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/transcript/37717/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Now, that's good news to people who are probably in Northern California and other parts of the West have been hardest hit by the dry conditions for the past couple of years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846#t=141.0,151.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/transcript/37717/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, of course, in the last couple of weeks, they've gotten a lot of rain up in that area. And and I think the general tendency is to think that the drought is over. But I think that it's going to take a lot more than just one large storm, like the head very recently, probably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846#t=152.0,164.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/transcript/37717/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: a couple of years of above normal. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846#t=165.0,166.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/transcript/37717/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: think that's true. I think that's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846#t=167.0,168.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/transcript/37717/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: why use tree ring data and your research?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846#t=169.0,170.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/transcript/37717/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, again, we need to do look at the long term record. And as you know, it's possible to find trees growing in locations where they may be three or 400 years old. And the annual ring width is a function of temperature and precept and makes a very excellent record of past climatic conditions, especially on the dry side. So that in using the tree ring data, we're able to extend our record back in time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846#t=171.0,202.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/transcript/37717/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: How many trees do you work with? And normally this kind of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846#t=203.0,205.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/transcript/37717/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: ratio, normally we we like to look at maybe 10 to 20 trees on a given location. And as I mentioned earlier, we have about 40, or a little over 40 that we've used in this study so that we're talking about upward towards of one or 50 or 500 trees, where it's it involves a large amount of data processing. Have you looked at any trees here in Arizona? The state of Oh, yes, yes, of course, this is where the science started. And this is a place we know best. And we've done a lot of work with with streaming data in Arizona. And we've related it to drought too much the same patient we have over western United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846#t=206.0,240.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/transcript/37717/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: I find this really interesting. I understand that you've related all of this to sunspot series. In other words, some kind of a correlation between sunspots and drought occur. Well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846#t=241.0,247.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/transcript/37717/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: let me explain that. When we started analyzing our data looking at area of drought area of western United States involved in drought against time, we saw that there was a periodic tenancy in the area of drought. In other words, if you look at the development of drought through time, it tends the total area tends to wax and wane in approximately a 21 year periodicity. Well, this then leads to the next to your question. And that is, if this is so if it if it does have a 20 to 21 year periodicity, then it must Eric could be related to some sort of geophysical mechanism causing it so the first thing to look at would be and this is not new to us. It's been looked at in the past. Very exciting. two layers to look at the debt, what they call the double sunspot series, which has roughly a 22 year periodicity. So we have done this. And now we find that there's a very good relationship. And this has gotten us a lot of press. And a lot of people probably think it's fringing on quackery. But it's, it's a way of trying to establish some sort of a causal mechanism. And this is what we're really interested in, we'd really like to be able to know what causes drought, if we could do that, then we start developing the predictive qualities, then we can talk about specific areas right now. The work that we've done, we can only relate to the whole western United States, we can't go to a given area like Arizona and say, Well, we know that drought is gonna occur here on such a such a time or, or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846#t=248.0,346.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/transcript/37717/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: how severe ob,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846#t=347.0,347.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/transcript/37717/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: right? We have no measure of severity at this point on a given region. We can talk about total area, but we really don't understand causal mechanisms. So I don't think that we're capable make any predictions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846#t=348.0,359.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/transcript/37717/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: So what would you say is the most important thing then that you've learned from these triggering studies in the climate reconstructions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846#t=360.0,365.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/transcript/37717/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, I think the important thing is that we know now that drought in western North America does tend to occur every 2122 years. If nothing else is tells us that ever 21 to 20 years, we should be extra cautious. We should look forward to that in and we should plan and make the necessary adjustments in our future planning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846#t=366.0,389.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/transcript/37717/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: I've been talking with Dr. Charles Stockton and assistant professor of dendrochronology at the University of Arizona, Dr. Stockton and one other researcher have been studying the area of drought occurrence in the American West. This has been accent on the University of Arizona, I'm Mark beech.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846#t=390.0,392.0"}]},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/transcript/37717","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1953/collection_resources/73819/file/159846/transcript/37717/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/037/717/original/azu_ms641-054_side1_a.vtt?1652742002","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/037/717/original/azu_ms641-054_side1_a.vtt?1652742002"}]}]}]}