{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/696zw19h4j/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Frank La Rue"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/038/original/university-libraries-logo-2x.png?1711560609","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["Copyright The Arizona Board of Regents."]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["The Celeste Gonzalez de Bustamante and Jeannine E. Relly Oral History Collection interview 14"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["MS533.014 (uid)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["University of Arizona Libraries"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["Documented Border collection (part of)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2014-02-25 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["interview"]}},{"label":{"en":["Coverage"]},"value":{"en":["Mexico (spatial)","temporal; 21st Century"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Censorship--Mexico--History--21st century","Freedom of the press--Mexico--History--21st century","Human rights--Mexico","Journalism--Mexico--21st century","Journalists--Mexico--Crimes against","Women journalists--Mexico"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["The Celeste Gonzalez de Bustamante and Jeannine E. Relly Oral History Collection, MS 533"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Jeannine Relly (interviewer)","Frank LaRue (interviewee)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["audio"]}}],"summary":{"en":["The Celeste Gonzalez de Bustamante and Jeannine E. Relly Oral History Collection interview 14"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["Copyright The Arizona Board of Regents."]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["University of Arizona Libraries"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["University of Arizona Libraries"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/038/original/university-libraries-logo-2x.png?1711560609","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - azu_ms533_014_a.mp3"]},"duration":2622.38044,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-arizona.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/160/297/original/azu_ms533_014_a.mp3?1653516388","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mp3","duration":2622.38044,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Ms533-014 [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Thank you very much, Mr. Lowe, RW, UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression for agreeing to this interview and for agreeing to let this audio interview be in this special collection at the University of Arizona. The beginning, if you wouldn't mind, I'm going to ask a couple of demographics questions at the very beginning. And then we'll then we can start. There's some background questions. So I'll begin by just asking you about how many years you've been in this in your current role,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=0.0,38.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: the mandate of special rubber tours for the Human Rights Council since the establishment of the Human Rights Council, and all the reforms is now of three years with only one single reelection. I began, my mandate is August 1 of 2008. And I'm now in my second term, which will end August 1 of 2014.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=39.0,62.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Okay, very good. Thank you. And we also are asking, where people where we're doing the interview, this will go in this special collection, you said you're you're in Virginia, what part of Virginia Do you I don't know if you can tell us?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=63.0,77.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: No, I'm in Arlington. I'm visiting my my children. I just came in last night. This is my Christmas holiday. So we come here to all of us meet here. All my I have three kids and four grandkids. So we all meet together here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=78.0,94.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Great, great. I wanted to ask, then if you could provide a little information about your, your educational background,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=95.0,103.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: I studied law at the University of San Carlos, which is the National University of Guatemala. And then I worked, there was the labor movement as a legal advice or legal counsel. I was not, there were no human rights as a subject. In those days, those were sort of the dark periods of what Amala and I work with the labor movement from 1975 to 1981. I also work with, with the Catholic Church in the rural areas in education for for church leaders that were peasants. And then I had to leave the country under the dangerous in 1981. For four exile, and I came here to Washington, precisely because I wanted to do human rights work. I went back to Guatemala in 1983, when there was a failed coup. I had been back to Guatemala several times, but always was international accompaniment. So the first time I went back alone was in 1983, when the coup, self inflicted coup or President Jorge Serrano, failed. It was a major setback for the hardliners in the military. And that was an opportunity for me to go back. It was a tough decision, because by then, I had several offerings of teaching in Washington, DC, which had given me the opportunity to study human rights here as well as the EU and to study US foreign policy and courses I took at Johns Hopkins. So I was getting adapted to the life in Washington, but I thought it was important to, to go back and see what I can do in regards to human rights in Guatemala. So an organization that I founded, for legal cases, the Center for Human Rights, legal action for legal cases before the Inter American system. In Washington in 1990. I took back to Guatemala in 93. And we just began building cases and we kept on growing to become the biggest human rights organization. In the country. We had different areas, we had the legal department, where we presented the general outside case against general rules maanden, which was just came to trial this year in March, for oral hearings. And I can tell you about that. Then we had the women's rights department, we had a children's rights department. We had a department on people with disability. We had a department on indigenous peoples labor rights. And the organization was just fulfilling a big vacuum of human rights that was in the country. I resigned my position as director, which I had held from 1980 up to 2003 because I was invited by elected vice president Stein as well as the Stein to become in the I didn't campaign with anyone I was not a member any party but he they had offered me to be the Presidential Commissioner for Human Rights. I knew Stein personally and I we had a good relation and I put us a condition that they allow me to do serious human writes in the that was the condition that they agreed, and I must say is they kept her. The President virgin vice president Stein kept their their promise became the Presidential commissioner and that government from January 14, of 2004, to till January 14 of 2008, when the government and its terms, very proud of that period, we were able to change the policy from total denial of the past and denial of human rights violations to full recognition of the truth, and especially to the recognition and acknowledgement of the right to reparation of victims and honoring the victims as well. So I think was a very important period for the country. Since then, several friends intellectuals, decided we decided to form an institute in Guatemala Research Institute, and also some legal initiatives on promotion of human rights as a way to strengthen democracy. And we've established the Institute on demos where I work now currently, when I happened to be in Guatemala, which is not that often, but we have the institute demos we formed from November 2007. And it's still active in Guatemala, and I'm the president of the board. There is an executive director of Guatemala, but we all sort of share the same perspective of strengthening democracy from from a human rights perspective. And this is what we do now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=104.0,400.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: In August of, well, I found out in June by the session, Human Rights Council that I had been appointed as special rapporteur on freedom of expression, which made me very happy. Like I said, I, in Guatemala, I had also become a journalist, I must say, I didn't study journalism. But most people are journalists, by practice, I did radio for over seven years, I had several radio programs. I currently have a television program on human rights on cable TV. And I do, I'm the anchor person when I'm there, and I was initially the director, but I traveled a lot. And I have a weekly column in pencil every one of the bigger, more formal newspapers of the country. So I am a member of the National the APA Association, they do this that they were Tamala, the National Press Association of Guatemala as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=401.0,460.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Great, thank you so much. Then the final demographic question here is the is your age 61. Okay. Leading in then to some of the other questions. Could you tell us a little bit about your, your, your mission or the mission of the organization that you're representing, in in in Mexico related to freedom of expression, specifically journalists?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=461.0,488.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, when I did my visit to Mexico, I did it as UN rubber tour. Yes. So special rubber tours are part of what is called the special procedures department of the Human Rights Council. What happens is that the Human Rights Council decided that beyond the fact that they are the authority on human rights in the UN system, and that they make resolutions and they promote issues and ideas regarding to human rights. They began initially expressing concern on individual countries. This is way back when the council was actually known as the commission the UN Commission on Human Rights. And there was country specific rubber tours, basically those countries in very serious crisis of human rights violations. Then some rubber tours were beginning to be appointed by topics thematic rubber tours, because there was also a some commission on minorities and protection of human rights. So there was a rubber tour on impunity, leash leash on indigenous people merchandise, and there was a few other topics that were being dealt with. As time went by, there was a protest by many countries, that why were rubber tours being appointed as country specific rubber tours, that that was an element of discrimination by the council. And then it would be more important to have more thematic rubber tours and less country specific rubber tourists. So this began being in the mood and when the Human Rights Commission was transformed into the Human Rights Council, which it is now. Then a priority was giving in special procedures to have thematic rapport tours not only on Civil and Political Rights, but also on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. So now, the lay The discount I had is we have 37 thematic rapport tours that go from the civil rights, like the repertory against torture. There's a robber tour and summary execution summary and arbitrary executions. There's myself rapporteur on freedom of expression. There's a rapporteur on freedom of religion. On there is a rapporteur on freedom of association that as important as that may be, it's only been created recently, about three years ago, two or three years ago. And there on the socio economic side, there's rubber tours on the right to food, the right to health, the right to education, the right to potable water, there is a very interesting mandate, which is a rubber tour on poverty as the cause of severe human rights violations in general. There is Rob Porter and housing. Basically, what you have in the covenants on the two covenant, civil and political rights and non economic, social and cultural rights. So they're the country specific rapporteurs never disappeared. They're still in existence, because there are countries obviously that deserve special attention. But they're less than they used to be before. So there is that I recall, just now there's a good rapper tour in North Korea, there's a rubber tour on Congo, the Central African Republic. There is a special invest inquiry commission on Syria. And in general, I mean, there's a repertoire in Myanmar, which follows events there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=489.0,710.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: And in your Do you have a specific region that you cover or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=711.0,714.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: all the somatic, the ones that people do have in a specific region are those that are country specific mandates, and their obligations to follow that country. In the case of pneumatic rubber tours, we follow the, basically the world it's kind of a daunting task because the UN does not have enough resources to do this work. Well. We all work through Geneva, and we have an office in Geneva at the poly Wilson. And we all have one assistant, normally young lawyers who are very bright, very dedicated people, and overworked terribly to two mandates that have by far the biggest amount of communications, our first human rights defenders was Margaret sokaiya and second freedom of expression. And just responding to the communications or sending allegation letters to the governments and asking the governments to respond to the individual cases becomes very difficult. On top of that, you have to prepare the reports, the press releases and all that all operators are appointed by the council and report to the council in one of the three sessions a year. But some of us have a double mandate to report to the council and to report to the General Assembly, which is my case report in June to the council and in October to the Third Committee of the General Assembly. Now, one element that I think is worthwhile pointing out is the rapport tours are a special mechanism of the council which was designed to have a rapid sort of response to issues and topics that were of interest to the council. But at the same time, we're independent experts, we are appointed by the council, but we do not work for the UN we are appointed as experts. So we do not have a contract or receive salary from the UN. Which is good because this gives us total independence to conduct our research, our investigation and to raise our voices and our opinions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=715.0,844.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Very good. Thank you so much. May ask you when in your in your role as a special Robert tour of how have you has the organization or sorry, I wanted to ask what sorts of support has the organization or through you offered journalists in Mexico or how have you know, and, you know, correct me if that framing of that question needs to be reframed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=845.0,875.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Limited. Rob Porter's our function is to raise the issue and the knowledge. I have serious moments and serious situations. We don't have we barely have the resources from the UN to do our own mandate. We do get paid for the official mission daily ours for the official missions that we conduct which are basically two year, two countries a year and then to the report to the council. But the idea of giving assistance is normally done by the Office of the High Commissioner and the officers on the ground. So Mexico has an Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, and they engage in support for the journalists or training for the journalist in Mexico on the ground. My role was to highlight the situation of the Mexican press, and to meet with them and bring that reality to the council and to the General Assembly. In August of 2010, I conducted an official visit to Mexico, which I decided to do jointly with Catalina Otero, this had not been done by Robert tours on freedom of expression. She is a reporter for the Inter American Human Rights Commission. So we felt that it was important that to reporters on freedom of expression but from two different bodies, the Human Rights Council and the Inter American commission, go together to the country to verify how grave the situation was, especially in regards to physical threats and assassinations and intimidation, which is what we did, there is a report and the report is on the website of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. We did a press conference. And then we had followed up with Mexico, to see if Mexico has fulfilled some of the recommendations which actually they have, we are recommending to Mexico as we have done elsewhere, that every country should establish a mechanism for protection or journalist for physical measures of protection. I divided I have a report in general on journalist, which I presented to the Human Rights Council in June of 2011. And what I propose there is that measures of protection should be divided in three, you have the physical measures of protection or the immediate measures of protection, if you want to call them that way, the legal measures of protection and the political measures of protection. And the idea was that all states should have a mechanism for fiscal measures for the immediacy of saving lives. Colombia has a very good example that all DoD has owns a war and its own country. And although violence is very high, they have a good mechanism in place that has saved lives, which is established by the state under the Ministry of Interior, which handles internal security, but with the participation of representatives of the press associations and of civil society. organizations that deal with freedom of expression. And this sort of joint effort, multi stakeholder sort of initiative has been very successful, they have a big budget, they have $8 million for being able to either propose protection individuals, protecting an office in the NGO office or press office, to put cameras or bulletproof vest or to pay for bulletproof car, or, in worst case, to bring people out of that region of the dangerous region to another part of the country or even out of the country, with their family, to put them in safety. And as I say they have a good record of having saved lives. So our position is that if it was able to work in Colombia, it could easily work in other countries. Mexico agreed on doing that. They have a mechanism beginning, we have congratulated Mexico for establishing the mechanism. But we still have to see whether the mechanism is effective or not that we'll see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=876.0,1128.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: As they work, and as they work their way around and begin generating sort of reaction to threats against journalists. The second mechanism of protection is the what I call the legal measures. And the legal measures are very important, because impunity is probably the biggest problem. There for some reason there is in every case of violence or threats against a journalist, there is less of a criminal investigation than you would have in any other criminal investigation and or criminal case. And this is because there's always a prejudice. Every time I go to any country. The security authorities will try to give me a speculative responses. Well, this journalist got in trouble because he may be investigating something that is too dangerous. He may have bumped into cartels, the drug lords, or he was investigating corruption or high level officials, or their connection was organized crime or he was investigating terrorism and religious fanatics. And I always say that's only an excuse. You cannot give me a reason by a speaker. Asian until you have conducted a full investigation in you find out what the real reason was, who was behind it, who did it, who ordered it, and who financed this this action. So the idea of breaking impunity is probably one of the most important elements in guaranteeing security of journalists. Every single case of harassment and physical attacks against the press has to begin under the hypothesis that it was done because they are journalists and because of their journalistic work. So they cannot begin by establishing prejudice and deciding that they will themselves identify a priori, one who didn't know what happened. And the second aspect of the legal protection is the question of decriminalizing many issues that are used to harass journalists especially, we have a campaign, all four of us rubber tours a campaign on decriminalizing defamation, slander and libel, and converting it into a civil action that could protect the honor and reputation of individuals. But that would not intimidate like a criminal action with threats of jail or imprisonment or, or high level fines. And this is another form, we believe of intimidation and censorship, which is widely used, especially in Latin America, where you have very sensitive politicians that do not allow any criticism. You have the case of President Korea and Ecuador who sued the newspaper for $40 million for an editorial page article for which the newspaper itself should have never been sued. But he saw the two authors of the article D newspaper, and he won the lawsuit, although he then eventually pardoned them. But this is a bad sign, because it shows how any high level official can try to intimidate using the legal matters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=1129.0,1323.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Very good and very good point. So So these efforts that you just mentioned, all of them the mechanisms of they are they were specific to Mexico, and, but and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=1324.0,1338.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: your gestures were making around the world. But also we did to Mexico, what Mexico has done with some of these suggestions, number one is they did stablish the mechanism or protection. Number two, on the issue of impunity, there was a move to create acts of violence against journalists as a federal crime, because one of the problems they have is that their state, they fall under like, similar to the US they fall under state criminal law. And that made it very weak, because oftentimes local authorities were involved, or at least had no interest or were fearful, and did not conduct a good investigation. So the idea of making it a federal crime would allow the federal prosecutor and federal courts to look at it from Mexico City, as it is they did something almost similar. They have a very strange institution in Mexico call the right for attraction, you can a federal prosecutor can now bring can attract, they say can bring a case to prosecution with federal courts if it is a very significant high level public interest case. So now it is possible, at least in some cases of violence against journalists, to have a trial in the federal system. Now I met recently marohn May this year, if I recall, correctly with the newly appointed special prosecutor for crimes against journalists, she had 90 cases under her consideration. But she was still discussing which cases would merit federal prosecution. And if there were any form to prove that they were due to the practice of journalism to their profession. To which I responded, this was absurd. That, like I said before, every case of violence against journalists has to begin by the premise that it was due to their activity as journalists, there is no way to know until there is an investigation and I said you will never have the certainty that this is part of their journalistic responsibilities until you conduct a serious investigation and you find out who did it and why.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=1339.0,1480.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Very good. Thank you very much. I wanted to ask along that line, in your work in you said meeting with journalists to get to gather information did you also meet with we're asking whether in you know in individuals capacities in their role, whether they met with members of the public and or government officials, it sounds like you didn't meet with government officials in Mexico. But let me let you you go into that if you would.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=1481.0,1512.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: I met with government officials, I met with government officials from the security agencies, I even met with the director of the police. In those days, I don't know if this is still the case quite as was even under the monitoring by the Federal Police because of being in such a zone of crisis. I met with the director of the police in one isn't sure what it is. And I met with the Secretary for Security at those days. In this is in August of 2010. We met with members of the Supreme Court we met with members of parliament. Every time we do a visit, we try to meet with all branches of state to look at different issues, I was looking at freedom of expression in general, including community radios. For indigenous peoples in in Mexico, one of the issues that had occurred recently was the closing of the radio community radio they put a page was indigenous people in Michoacan, which for me are just as journalists, as any other journalists, anyone who, who has radio and who is actually a community journalist who's on radio conductor and InBev, researcher investigator also deserves protection. In this case, they had an unauthorized radio station. But it was very limited in the scope of space that it was able to broadcast. And there was no reason there is in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, it was a very clear position on what would be the right of indigenous peoples to hold their own means of communication. So I think this this was also a major concern that was raised with authorities because no frequencies were given, authorized for for this purpose. So we were looking at harassment or the big press of the local President of Community, broadcasters as well. This was the effort of of that moment. Like I said, some of the recommendations have been fulfilled, others are still pending, and I keep on trying to follow up to the countries I have visited. To see what is done in the place. One aspect that I think is worth mentioning is that we also met with the directors of the of the big media, because there are recommendations for the media owners as well. It is our belief that those that media, especially the big media, also have a responsibility, obviously not the same of the state, but do have a responsibility of training their journalists, giving them some measures of protection of following the work that their reporters do, to try also to contribute to their safety. And this we felt was lacking as well. That was one of my recommendations in the report, the report of the initial, the full report, you can find in the, like I said at the website of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. On the visit to Mexico, the full report was presented till the following year until 2011 to the Human Rights Council, but also there was an initial press conference, which gives you a summarized version, which was in August of 2010.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=1513.0,1710.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: We'll make sure to get all of those reports. Thank you that'll that's great. That's a great reference. I'm wondering, we're wondering also, were there any specific events related to violence against journalists in Mexico that prompted action by your office? The work that you did, so any critical junctures that led to your work there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=1711.0,1737.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Yes, there was number one, there was a serious increase of harassment. There was a particular concern for Sue waters, they had just recently killed a journalist leaving his home and his wife was under a threat and she was working for a small Catholic newspaper in the region. So it was very clear that what it was becoming no one's land, and very serious. I was very shocked when I went there. And I met with a journalist initially, the authorities did not want to allow my travel to waters but I insisted in I said I was gonna go with or without accompaniment, so at the end, I think we, we all agreed that we that I that I went I met alone with the journalists always physically only with my assistant from Geneva but not with anyone else. And was Catalina will turn on her assistant, which I think was a very important way to inspire trust in the industry. knows, there has also been harassment of major news journalists that had written big stories on scandals of corrosion. One of them was Lydia Cacho, who had written a book, several articles on the governor of waveline. And his dealings. And I think this was, at that time very important for us, because these people were in very, very grave danger, as it is she eventually had to flee the country and lives abroad. From Mexico.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=1738.0,1830.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Yes, yes. And it just along that line, because of our earlier research did look at journalist in the northern states did, from your perspective, and from what you've learned, over the last years. Do you? Do you think that a journalist outside of the Capitol are more vulnerable in some ways? Or just sort of a rhetorical question?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=1831.0,1857.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, the answer is very simple. Yes. If you traveled to Mexico, today, you will find the capital city relatively safe. And I say relatively, because you still will have common crime, which is still very serious in all Latin America. But obviously, the system works in the city. But if you go out of the city, there, there are parts of the country. See, the whiteness was one in particular, that impressed me. But now in this new era, seen a lot of mutual Kang and some other places that are becoming extremely dangerous, that is very difficult to understand, who really has the territorial control. So I think it's important to see that being a journalist in Mexico out of Mexico City, is certainly a very dangerous profession.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=1858.0,1915.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Mr. Nehru, I just wanted to say that I've reached the 30 Minute, a little beyond 30 minutes that I told you, we would stay within, should we did you want to? Would it be possible to interview you a little longer at another time? Or what does? What would work for you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=1916.0,1933.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Yes, we could do that to you. Do you have any idea? I mean, just to keep in mind, what other questions? Are you interested in speaking only about Mexico or about protection of journalists in general,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=1934.0,1944.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: in this particular study, we're focused on on Mexico. But at the end, I will be asking you if there's anything else you would like to add, and we would very much appreciate, you know, anything else that you would want to add on your work elsewhere?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=1945.0,1962.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Because I think it's worth mentioning what the Security Council did on Friday.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=1963.0,1966.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Yes. Did you? Did you want to do that before you're thinking that we would probably sign off after Do you would like to reconnect again for the interview? Or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=1967.0,1976.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: what would Yes, but I can mention that because I have it fresh in my mind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=1977.0,1981.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Please do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=1982.0,1983.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Let me get a sip of water.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=1984.0,1989.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Because this, indeed, would would be this would affect the the region, wouldn't it? I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=1990.0,1996.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Security Council will affect the whole world as the most powerful body of the UN after the General Assembly, and sometimes even more than the generalism. Well, let me let me say that the situation of journalism in general has gotten worse. It is very clear that violence around the world goes by waves. And we're in a wave of escalation of violence. This is due to several factors. One is that there are increased tensions and political tensions in some countries. Governments that fall like Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, but with an uncertain future, although the the got rid of a dictator is not very clear what the outcome of the future will be, and still very unstable, with countries in serious armed conflict, and factionalism, like Syria, but Syria can overflow into into Lebanon. factionalism, still splitting up Iraq and violence, completely sold. The battles in Mali, in African Mali in Central African Republic in Congo, Somalia, so if we look at the world, we can see that this is a world of tensions. If on top of that we add the religious fanaticism that is growing, that has a difference today, which is the fact that brings people to absurd acts of violence and terrorism. II reflect irrespective of the consequences and innocent people they touch, you generate a very serious pattern in the world. And in regions like Latin America, the growth of organized crime, I think due to still the weakness of the state in some places, the not investing and strengthening sufficiently the justice system, which I think is still a major priority, although there was a transition to democracy throughout the continent, it is still a weak transition to democracy. And I think Justice is one of the key elements of recognizing true democracies. So with organized crime growing so rapidly, especially in small countries, like in Central America, like my own region, is begin to take over state institutions and even regions of the country. And once they take over a region, they take over the local authorities, whether it be a local mayor, a prosecutor or judges, because there's so much money running around, that is becomes a serious problem. We have to find a solution to to organize crime, not only in terms of drug trafficking, but also in terms of trafficking of people or sexual exploitation, especially with children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=1997.0,2185.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Was that scenario, practicing journalism? To investigate these phenomenons and all forms of investigative journalism and corruption of public officials that link with some of these forces becomes extremely dangerous, more so. So there is a rise in the violence against journalists, and there is a rise in harassment, legal harassment and physical harassment. And I include here this is very important for me the question of community journalists, like I said, community radios, community TV, local broadcasters, journalists, but also citizen journalists, some individuals that through their effort tried to document events to tell the world about what's happening in their country or in the region. bloggers that are playing to be very important role. And yet we find jails full of bloggers around the world, in in many countries like China or other parts of the world, were speaking your mind or in Azerbaijan or others where it will land you in jail. So I think we're looking at a very serious situation. so serious that the Human Rights Council has been dealing with this issue, Austria, as a country has been taking a strong initiative and trying to bring resolutions to the Human Rights Council. The General Assembly this year did two months ago, a resolution on journalists and protection or journalists. And finally, on Friday, last Friday, which was the 13th of December, the Human Rights Council, decided to hold a special session on protection for journalists, the Human Rights Council had already made a statement on journalists in situations of armed conflict was resolutions and 1738. Which means that in all areas of conflict, according to the Geneva Conventions, journalists should be treated as civilian population and therefore should be granted all the protection of any civilians in that region. Now, they went beyond that the zones of conflict, in a sense to request information. They asked me a special rubber tour to speak on other possibilities. And I mentioned to them that number one, we need to have a holistic approach to security of journalists, there has to be a possibility of a a perspective of different agencies of the UN there is an interagency plan of action, by the way, drafted, coordinated by UNESCO, but drafted between UNESCO the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, and with the participation of other UN agencies. But my proposal there is that it's very important to get every single country to have an internal national mechanism of protection. And what the interagency plan can do is to strengthen this mechanism of protection and to support the local mechanisms of protection, because there's very little that can be done even by the UN from abroad. If there is no action inside, in the countries in conflict, it is very important that according to the Geneva Conventions, journalists be treated as civilians and for those that are have foreign troops or foreign intervention by the UN to apply these principles to all warring factions, and to insist that this should be the protection granted to everyone. And then I insisted on the issue of prevention, prevention means that we have to train security forces police and army everywhere around the world, but especially in countries that may not be an armed conflict, but actually do have serious areas of armed violence because of organized crime or sectarian religious strife.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=2186.0,2436.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Such as the north of Mexico, for instance. And therefore, it's very important to train security forces, in terms of handling civilians in general, but journalists in particular, normally, camera teams and camera crews are targeted by security forces and their equipment broken, which is absolutely unacceptable. And this is part of the training they should have how to handle these situations. I also believe in training of judges, as I mentioned, I have just established an agreement with the Supreme Court of Brazil, I'm going to participate in a series of courses with my institute, on training of judges on the issue of freedom of expression, many judges do not as funny as it may sound, they know human rights in general, they know the law, but they're not so acquainted with the issues of freedom of expression. And it's very important that they begin to handle them directly in an effective way to understand what is to be done with the protection of journalists. And finally, I think it is very important the training of journalists themselves, especially a women journalist, squad, oftentimes, the most vulnerable to attacks and harassment on security measures and how to analyze the risk and situations and how to conduct yourself, and how to conduct journalism, how to be not so obvious and so blatant, or how to react in terms of authorities, or even how to call for help from international bodies. I think this is this is crucial. And we're trying to see what what could be done in this areas. And I suggested at the end that there should be an alarm, an urgent alarm system that would put us in knowledge of situations that are becoming more and more serious, the where the UNDP, for instance, the United Nations can play a role because they have offices in almost every country of the world, with the support of the Regional Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and of UNESCO to be able to have this sort of emergency network that would set the alarm off and call the attention to those places where immediate attention should be given to prevent any physical harassment against journalists. These were some of the suggestions I gave to the Security Council, which I think should be an inter UN body initiative as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=2437.0,2593.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Thank you. Very work. We appreciate your including that. Did it just to just to make sure I heard properly. Did you say you said your United Nations Development Program has offices in most nations Correct.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=2594.0,2610.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Development Programs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=2611.0,2612.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Great. Great. Mr. Liu, I want to thank you for your time. I'm good. I'm going to turn the recorder off for now. Thank you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297#t=2613.0,2615.0"}]},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1285/collection_resources/74426/file/160297/transcript/38228/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/038/228/original/azu_ms533_014_a.vtt?1654024482","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/038/228/original/azu_ms533_014_a.vtt?1654024482"}]}]}]}