{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/3x83j39x34/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Reflections on Space: the MMT"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/038/original/university-libraries-logo-2x.png?1711560609","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["KGUN"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["Copyright held by University of Arizona Libraries."]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["Jay Rochlin videocassettes, box 1, tape 14"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Rochlin, Jay (producer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1979-09-15"]}},{"label":{"en":["Coverage"]},"value":{"en":["Arizona--Tucson"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Report on the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT) located at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory near Tucson."]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["U-Matic"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["MS673.014 (uid)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["Jay Rochlin videocassettes (part of)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["Interviews"]}}],"summary":{"en":["Report on the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT) located at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory near Tucson."]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["Copyright held by University of Arizona Libraries."]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["University of Arizona Libraries"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["University of Arizona Libraries"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/038/original/university-libraries-logo-2x.png?1711560609","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/160/847/small/azu_ms673-014_a.mp4_1654728054.jpg?1654728055","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - azu_ms673-014_a.mp4"]},"duration":1610.795,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/160/847/small/azu_ms673-014_a.mp4_1654728054.jpg?1654728055","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-arizona.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/160/847/original/azu_ms673-014_a.mp4?1654728038","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":1610.795,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["MS673-014 [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well the reason you make large telescopes at all is to look at faint sources, one can look at a telescope as you would at a bucket in your backyard during a rainstorm. If you put on a small jar in your backyard, you catch a little bit of rainwater. And if you put a swimming pool in your backyard, you catch a lot more rainwater. Well, a telescope is exactly the same idea we can we in fact, have come to learn of light as particles so you can really the analogy is very close of light, a light drop if you will, like a raindrop, the bigger the telescope, the more raindrops you catch.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=42.0,84.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: The problem throughout time for earthbound explorers of the universe has been to find ways to delve deeper into space to see objects with enough clarity to gather scientific data. Most scientists today agree we can only go so far in constructing monsters single mirror telescopes, and we are just about their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=85.0,109.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: we have reached sort of the end of our technological abilities in building single mirror telescopes with the Russian 236 inch telescope and with the Palomar 200 edge, and it's just gotten beyond our technological and, frankly, financial abilities. To build extremely large single mirror telescopes, the bearings become too large, the whole engineering problem becomes enormous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=110.0,132.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: The world's largest mirror, the 236 inch Soviet reflector has run into problems many people think are a direct result of its size to go larger than that would threaten the telescope itself. At a certain point of stress, the mirror would distort under its own weight, a new and fundamental change was needed in telescope design, a change that would afford scientists a design that could be enlarged indefinitely, and be constructed economically enough to ensure installation. Scientists at the University of Arizona and the Smithsonian Institution working independently each believed they could solve the puzzle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=133.0,192.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Astronomy has always fascinated the human species, man has always looked to the heavens for answers, answers to why growth occurs, why man behaves as he does, answers to the problems of rain or sun or cold. And finally, to the questions concerning the reasons for our own existence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=193.0,215.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: I think that what distinguishes human beings from the rest of the animal kingdom, if you will, is their need to look beyond themselves to try to understand what it is that makes things work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=216.0,232.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: People looked at the heavens and eventually they found that there was some regularity there. And they found no moreover, that this regularity was extremely useful for purposes of agriculture and later on for purposes of navigation and various practical matters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=233.0,257.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: The more you realize, the more you find out about the starry heavens and the complexity and the enormous size and timescales involved, the more or this is after generating.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=258.0,279.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Today in our age of machines and money, we are still looking to the stars for ultimate answers. Perhaps not more likely we are looking because that is the nature of Homo sapiens. The need for a few more answers, and many more questions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=280.0,298.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: science tends to generate more questions than it does answers. And sometimes the questions are more interesting than the answers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=299.0,306.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: I think it is the wonder with which man does look beyond himself and asks the questions of why and where and how. And it's that motivation, I think that gives us all that makes us all human and makes us different from from other members of the animal kingdom. And so I would, I would come down on the side of, of astronomy as beauty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=307.0,326.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Right now, perched on the 1/3 acre summit of Mount Hopkins in southern Arizona, a new telescope is being used and tested that may open worlds of knowledge we didn't think possible just 10 years ago, the multiple mirror telescope.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=327.0,367.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: The road to the top of Mount Hopkins is bumpy, narrow, winding, and in the wintertime treacherous. The observing site is close to casual visitors. There is no tourist area, and many of the technicians and scientific personnel sleep by day. The Mount Hopkins site between Tucson and Nogales was chosen because the Smithsonian already had extensive facilities there. And because astronomers determined that of locations available in southern Arizona, that is where the seeing would be the best.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=368.0,406.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Mount Hopkins was selected largely because of the dark skies especially the dark sky to the south, and the and the quality of the air volume over the mount. Good see,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=407.0,423.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: the multiple mirror telescope unique in several areas provides astronomy with many firsts and a wide variety of new applications of old ideas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=424.0,443.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: The sign reads, warning building rotates. That says it all. In one of the most clever departures from tradition. The entire facility, offices, labs computers and all rotate as the telescope tracks its faint object in the sky. Rather than being a dome, the MMT is a large three dimensional rectangle four storeys high. The building is mounted independently in rock not touching the telescope except at one sensing point. Both the structure and the optical hardware operate as one single unit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=444.0,483.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: The critical gain is when the telescope no longer has to move within the shelter. In the case of the Mun t this has allowed us to keep the shelter very small. And to bring in the laboratories and the the the astronomer and the operator quite close to the telescope.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=484.0,506.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: The building is supported by 436 inch steel wheels riding on a flat steel track that 500 tons turns easily on the strength of a 12 horsepower motor, but it is so precisely engineered and mounted that one man can move the building with little effort. The structure rotates at a maximum speed of 90 degrees per minute with a turning capacity of 270 degrees in either direction. As you see, the exterior walls are metal siding, but those shielding the telescope chamber are steel faced sandwich panels with polyurethane covers to provide thermal insulation and keep inside temperatures constant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=507.0,553.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: The shelter for the telescope is is one innovation that this program is proud of. We have we have housed a large telescope in a very small building we have constructed on a small site and the apart from the the telescope itself. This innovation in in closing and sheltering telescopes is is a very worthy technological breakthrough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=554.0,602.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: The front shutter is open and close independently exposing the telescope to the crisp skies over Mount Hopkins. When closed, the delicate apparatus inside is protected from both summer rainstorms and the mountain severe blizzards.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=603.0,632.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Despite the maze of struts and angles you see holding up the telescope, very little light is obscured. This engineering feat was necessary because in viewing very faint objects, every photon must be received, some come as slowly as one or two a minute.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=633.0,667.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: To ensure compactness, the designers of the MMT took an old idea and made it new, rather than using the traditional equatorial mount. A system similar to that on a naval gun was used the altitude Asmath mount recent advances in computer technology made this possible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=668.0,707.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: The heart of the MMT is it 672 inch mirrors, like the rest of the MMT The mirrors are innovative, instead of being thick pieces of glass. Each is made up of a thin fused silica front and back plate over an 11 inch egg crate type core. The inside of the mirror is primarily air reducing wait significantly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=708.0,732.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: the multiple mirror telescope is a departure in the sense that the mirror that's behind me is a very lightweight affair. And therefore one can put a large cluster of such mirrors in a single mount, which does not therefore have to be quite so massive. You don't have to have as large bearings the the engineering problems become much simpler.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=733.0,750.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: The reason the MMT uses 672 inch mirrors is almost too simple. The U of A just happened to have six mirror blanks that had been used in an Air Force project. They weren't needed. So the MMT designers snatch them up and build a telescope.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=751.0,767.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: In fact, the six mirror design is historical. Aidan Meinel here at the optical SCIENCES CENTER happened to have six mirrors from a surplus project he was working on. And six happens to be a nice it's an easy number to hold. For technical reasons engineering a hexagon hexagon is an easy thing to work around. But in fact, there is no reason that you couldn't go Cisco Prime numbers a little difficult seven or five but say 20 or 100 or any scale up any number. There is no direct advantage to six and six. In our cases of pure historical happenstance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=768.0,802.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: The 672 inch mirrors have the light gathering power of one 176 inch mirror, making the MMT effectively the world's third largest telescope.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=803.0,827.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: The problem of combining multiple images into one sharp form was until very recently, an overwhelming problem. But today through a complicated system of both laser and computer technology, that problem has been overcome. Here's how it works. Light is gathered in the six large primary mirrors. It is reflected up to the secondary mirror. Errors in both focus and position are corrected here. The laser guide sensing system controls the tilt position. The light then is reflected to a tertiary mirror. Finally the beam combiner puts it all back together, sending the image to a final focusing plane. We spoke with Dr. Fred Chaffee resident astronomer at Mount Hopkins observatory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=828.0,880.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: The six primary mirrors which collect the light, remember my analogy earlier about raindrops, they collect the light from the celestial source coming in from the sky. These mirrors then send the light back up the telescope toward the smaller six mirrors that you can see up on top these six little dots around circle, those then send the light back down toward the main mirror. And so far, this is very much the conventional way conventional telescopes work. But then in the center of each of the primary mirrors, you may be able to see a mirror that then bends the light back in toward the center of this entire complex looking structure. And that is where the MMT differs from all other telescopes in that area. All six of these telescopes, if you will, these are really six separate telescopes held together in this in the common structure, the light from all six then is sent back into the center, where it is combined by something called a beam combiner. And then that light is then sent down to the telescope focus. So for the astronomer at the focus of this telescope, it doesn't fundamentally look any different to him from looking through a single telescope, he sees a single image of any celestial source. But that image happens to be made up of six images stacked on top of each other. And the trick with the MMT, of course, and what makes it such a technological breakthrough, is the fact that it is relatively complex to have six telescopes held together in a common structure all point at precisely the same point in the sky. And the the technological developments that were required to make this possible, have only come about in the last decade or so with with computers, microprocessors, laser techniques, servo techniques, all kinds of relatively elaborate engineering procedures that have allowed this structure by actively controlling each of these little secondary mirrors you see at the top of the tube. In effect, what the telescope does, is through a relatively complicated laser system, it detects where each telescope is pointed. And if it isn't pointed exactly where you want it to point, it makes corrections. And it does that automatically, so that it holds all six telescopes pointing to a common point in the sky or a different point in the sky or wherever you want them to point. But it can hold those. It's called active optics. It holds those actively by controlling each of these secondary mirrors. And it's in this that the MMT is such a radical departure from any other telescope.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=881.0,1029.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: The MMT does have a 30 inch guide scope, but it is rarely used in actual astronomy. Its main purpose is in engineering and alignment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=1030.0,1040.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Any visual work that is to be done with this instrument, it will almost assuredly be simply for engineering purposes, and getting the telescope optimized. Of course, actually putting your eye up to an eyepiece is an antiquated way of doing astronomy, but there are some useful things you can do that way however, this instrument is not designed for that sort of astronomy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=1041.0,1063.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: The days of pensive scientists and dreamers spending cold lonely nights eyeball to eyepiece are all but gone forever. Today's scientist sits with his telescope operator before a computer terminal reading rather than seeing light emitted from faint objects millions of years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=1064.0,1084.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well the major control functions in the control panel here are concerned with the telescope pointing and with the active optics. Since this is a multiple mirror telescope, we are trying to make it seem to be a single mirror telescope, we have a sophisticated electro optic system on it that this point requires considerable attention by the operator.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=1085.0,1113.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Besides not looking through telescopes, today's astronomers rarely touch the telescope. It's not necessary because both finding and tracking are done by computer. And there is a specially trained staff of telescope operators that assist astronomers doing research with the MMT","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=1114.0,1132.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: and the observer will if he's planned is observing run well supply the operator with an almanac of his run as to say a list of the objects that he wishes to observe their locations perhaps field charts of the surrounding area to aid in acquisition of dim objects and again, how he is going to use the instrument the telescope.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=1133.0,1159.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: The mm T is pioneering many new areas in optical astronomy, because of the uncharted paths it is taking much of the telescopes operating time is used for engineering and testing. At this early stage, only about 25% of the telescope time is devoted to actual astronomy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=1160.0,1196.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: One of the most fascinating things about One of the most fascinating things about deep space astronomy is the fact that as we observe an event occurring, say a million light years away, the event actually took place 1 million years ago. As we delve farther and farther into space, we see farther and farther back in time. The implications are startling. Many scientists believe that it may someday be possible to witness the beginning of the universe itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=1197.0,1233.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: The discovery by Penzias and Wilson, who received the Nobel Prize this last year for the discovery of cosmic background radiation, what we believe that that discovery to represent is at the time of the Big Bang, if you will. 10 years ago, the Big Bang was just one among many hypotheses of how they a universe could begin. But given let's let's hypothesize that some kind of enormous explosion exists happened early. This releases an enormous amount of energy in all forms and particles, it blows off protons and electrons and subatomic particles. Also, it bathed space in a large amount of radiation, just this flash, if you will, I'm putting it in in fairly straightforward terms. And during the time of the expansion of the universe, this radiation that existed at the beginning from the initial explosion is, is I'm gonna use a term that I have to use is redshifted. That is to say its wavelength is shifted toward the red due to the expansion of the universe. So that as we look at it now, as we look at this radiation, Now, it turns out to have a wavelength in the radio part of the spectrum. And this is precisely what Penzias and Wilson discovered, they were looking, as Dr. Salman mentioned, they were doing experiments in communication for the telephone company. But they found some excess radiation from space at the wavelength that one would have predicted from what is left over from this primordial explosion, if you will. And there is no there was there were definite predictions along this line, they immediately recognized its significance. And it is extremely compelling evidence. look in any direction in the universe from our vantage point, and you see this radiation were bathed in it. And the only reasonable explanation of that, that we have been able to come up with is that it's leftover from this initial explosion, if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=1234.0,1359.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: you will. The Infrared, or non visible light spectrum is one area where the MMT is expected to excel. In fact, the MMT is the largest telescope in the world that was designed with infrared astronomy in mind. The MMT is a working telescope. One recent and very exciting experiment in spectrographic analysis involved what seemed to be two nearly identical objects in far outer space. In the realities of today's world, money is an object designers and scientists believe that the MMT was built at about 1/3, the cost of an equivalent 176 inch telescope. One of the most exciting prospects emanating from the MMTs success is the fact that future telescopes could be designed with more and larger mirrors. This could increase the light gathering power of the next generation MMT to levels not even dreamed of a decade ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=1360.0,1423.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: the MMT is being looked at on a worldwide scale as a prototype for for really very large telescopes. I don't know what I'm talking about with very large telescopes, people scale them up to arbitrarily large In fact, there was a project across the street at Kitt Peak, which was called the x inch telescope where x is arbitrarily large. And, but it is this radical departure and in terms of building a lot of mirrors to replace the single mirror, and that we feel can then push our ability to make extremely large telescopes beyond anything we could have conceived of, say 10 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=1424.0,1460.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: In the wake of the recent photos from such projects as the Venus and Jupiter probes. Many of us tend to underrate earthbound astronomy, but a vast majority of what we know about space, especially the furthest reaches of space, has come to us through the eyes of landlocked astronomers and telescopes clinging to the world's mountaintops. Why do we bother with astronomy? Why invest the dollars and time to learn things that may never affect our lives on earth?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=1461.0,1494.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: By studying astronomy mankind's The overall vision of the universe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=1495.0,1503.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: is expanded in the last decade. The number of things that we've discovered in astronomy and optical astronomy, radio astronomy and satellite astronomy is just overwhelming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=1504.0,1513.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: The answer has been consistent for as long as man has raised his eyes to those faint glimmerings of light in the sky. We need to know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847#t=1514.0,1516.0"}]},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1985/collection_resources/74851/file/160847/transcript/38466/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/038/466/original/azu_ms673-014_a.vtt?1654728093","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/038/466/original/azu_ms673-014_a.vtt?1654728093"}]}]}]}