{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/057cr5p56g/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["China"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/038/original/university-libraries-logo-2x.png?1711560609","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["University of Arizona Libraries"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["Copyright held by University of Arizona Libraries"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["Arizona Alumni Forum videocassettes, MS 646, box 1, tape 8"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Burkhart, Ford (interviewee)","Whiting, Allen (interviewee)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1/1/86"]}},{"label":{"en":["Coverage"]},"value":{"en":["Arizona--Tucson (spatial)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Guests – Ford Burkhart, University of Arizona Journalism Department; Allen Whiting, University of Arizona Political Scientist."]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["U-matic"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["MS646.008 (uid)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["Arizona Alumni Forum videocassettes (part of)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["Interviews"]}}],"summary":{"en":["Guests – Ford Burkhart, University of Arizona Journalism Department; Allen Whiting, University of Arizona Political Scientist."]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["Copyright held by University of Arizona Libraries"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["University of Arizona Libraries"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["University of Arizona Libraries"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/038/original/university-libraries-logo-2x.png?1711560609","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/159/318/small/azu_ms646-008_a.mp4_1651686030.jpg?1651686031","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - azu_ms646-008_a.mp4"]},"duration":1698.597,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/159/318/small/azu_ms646-008_a.mp4_1651686030.jpg?1651686031","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-arizona.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/159/318/original/azu_ms646-008_a.mp4?1651686014","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":1698.597,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["ms646-008 [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Welcome to Arizona alumni forum the UVA is monthly television program. I'm Kent Rollins, Director of alumni. And today's show we'll be talking with two University of Arizona expert on China's economic changes that many people keep tabs on the progress of China. But my two guests have been watching the changes over some time now. They're here today to fill us in on how China is becoming more and more like America. Ford Burkhardt so professor of journalism at the U of A and has spent some time as the head of journalism at the American University in Cairo. During that time, he was invited to present a series of lectures in Peking and Shanghai. He was the first American to receive an invitation to take a tour of China's universities to lecture on mass communications issues. Ford will be my co host tonight and help all of us become experts on the new China. You have a political science professor Alan Whiting's, also with us today. Dr. Whiting was chief academic adviser to Dr. Henry Kissinger, on us China policy, and has been a consultant to the US State Department since 1968. I don't think we've could have found two better people to talk with us tonight about China forward. I gave a little bit of an introduction, but maybe you could elaborate for us just what your role was in China.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=68.0,143.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, I went to speak to audiences of journalism students and professional journalists as well, on how the technology might affect the content of mass media in the future. They were they were large audiences and for institutions, and they were fascinated with every detail of emerging cable casts that use of video use of new media use of new computer techniques. In the newsrooms, the idea that this would bring diversity of messages to a country like China, produced a mixture of reactions, which we can get to later on, among the conservative, young, ultra left students in Shanghai, there was less than enthusiastic response and in peaking, and there was a warmth and enthusiasm for it. At just to tie it in with the what theme I think we'll develop tonight, the economy. When I landed in October of 84, this newspaper was all over the stands. This is the China Daily, the English version, and it was all about the new what they call the October decision. And so most of my time there in October and November of 84, we were talking about this decision. And so we'll talk about some of the implications of that a little later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=144.0,224.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Okay. Dr. Wedding, it's most impressive that you have served Dr. Kissinger when he was secretary, in that you really bring a wealth of experience. Maybe you could elaborate a little bit on what we already know about your experience in China.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=225.0,240.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, China's pretty big to talk about and that was terms, we're trying to talk about a billion people, we're talking about one of the world's oldest civilizations. I lived on the periphery of China for a number of years, and Taiwan and Hong Kong when we couldn't get in as Americans. And when I first went there in 1975, with a US world affairs delegation, that was, of course, the Mao period. Now we're looking back 10 years later, at dung XIAO PING and Mao's successors. And it's a whole new China, it's one that Mao would never recognize, and certainly was opposed to. So we're going to have a lot to talk about in terms of these big changes and reforms in China. Okay,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=241.0,280.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: maybe we could get into a little depth in terms of China. There are several dates that my reading tells me I think 1949 and about 1977. And, and maybe we could start with those dates and tell us a little bit about what the old China what I may know is old China. Before the reform, and I believe the first one was a cultural revolution, maybe before you could get in a little bit about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=281.0,307.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: When I went, yes, my first impression there, in 19 7073, as a journalist, was a very austere, severe country people reticent to say much apart from very narrowly defined line that looked back to 1949. With almost every, almost every phrase, culture plays movies always echoed the theme of the struggle that led up to 1949 in the beginning of a Marxist society that I think picked up momentum and the the politics of the 1960s. And the and the early 1970s. Were an attempt to just continue that build that that fire of ultra ultra left view. I never had anyone have an open private conversation with me in 1973, which many people said, that's the result of from 1949 to 1973 indoctrination of have a very strong and clearly defined party line. In 1984, I had the most delightful, long walks out in the park one on one conversations with people who told me their personal hopes and dreams, and they were saying much more than just serve the people. They were saying, I want to accomplish something, my life,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=308.0,394.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: I take it, the Chinese would not talk to you prior to your last visit. I mean, in your first visit, they weren't quite as friendly or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=395.0,402.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: in the 1973 visit, they were not friendly. If you walked out of your hotel and just took a walk, there would eventually be a taxi coming along to follow you and say, let me take you in the taxi driver, it turned out was an employee of the ministry designed to watch foreigners. Okay,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=403.0,420.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: I think we have to realize what Mao unleashed, he called the Cultural Revolution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=421.0,424.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Maybe I could interrupt Just a minute, we get to take a break, and then we'll be back with Dr. Ellen Hoyt in just a moment. Welcome back to Arizona alumni forum. I'm Kent Rollins, and our topic today is China. We have several experts from the University of Arizona with us. And I had to cut Dr. Ellen Whiting off just as he was about to make a point about kind of the old China, maybe you'd like to continue with that point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=425.0,474.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well now call this a cultural revolution. There was no culture involved with it. It was simply a mobilization of people who were on the outs against the people who were the ends. Mao felt in 1966, that the revolution was going to pop that the power holders were living off of privileges they didn't deserve. And of all people Mao was the one who led the attack against everybody in power, the party, the government, the police. He did it with his wife, john Chang, and some others that later became condemned as the Gang of Four. Chinese call that period 10 years of chaos from 1966 to 1976. At everything that's happened since Mao's death in 1976, totally transformed the thinking of the outlook, the goals and the policies of China. So that Dong XIAO PING is really as much of revolutionary as Mao Zedong, perhaps more so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=475.0,533.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: So, so that point when Mao passed away, really started this new reform that we're talking about today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=534.0,541.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: That's true. That didn't me ask Alan a question. A year ago, I remember we're taking a walk through the shops, the old shopping street not far from the Forbidden City. And seeing one very large and well polished automobile pulled right up to the front door of a big department store. And out got to a wife well dressed and two or three kids well dressed and good crowd part. And they walked in and walked out again, after shopping and the crowds around were scowling at them. I wondered if that's a sign of what Mao was struggling against? And could it be that that's going to come back with the new freedoms that we're gonna see a powerful group of privileged groups re emerge, or is that one of the questions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=542.0,589.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, I think there is always going to be a privileged group in China but under the old guard, it was the people who led the revolution the people who gotten into government the people that had the perks that Mao really turned against. He turned against his own Lieutenant blue, Shao ci he turned against dung XIAO PING all the Long March veterans, those who had won the revolution, were all driven to suicide driven to jail driven out to the horrible situations in the countryside. What you probably saw is part of that remnant Old Guard, those who've been retired but still have the perks, they don't have the power, but they have the perks. The new ones who are coming in are making it through what I call mini capitalism. There's a new, wealthy, peasant tree, they can raise what they want, they can sell what they want, they can build their houses, they can, as a family, farm the land according to what they think is best and keep what they make","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=590.0,649.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: might be a good moment to take a look at some of the slides, which we gathered for a brief view at China, the street scenes, and to show how people are very busy on the streets, but dressing a little bit more. Normally. Now you'll see in some of the slides, I don't think we have a monitor here we have a slider we can see you'll see a variety of kinds of dress you see a young man in fairly Western looking dress riding by on his bicycle and other people. You see a truck in the background of vehicles are generally there's very little traffic on the streets aside from official traffic. You see people selling along the streets, private sellers and more of a evidence of a more open economy various kinds of currency being used. Here you see that his official currency and then foreigners currency here you see another street scene with good public transportation but no private automobiles yet the the we have to remember and I think I'll ask Alan to remind us that the economy is still a, basically a poor society. And you see here, people using horse drawn or mule drawn carts, you'll often see bicycles or even just people pulling a cart like that with maybe one man, here you see a young woman in very Western dress, lining up at the free market in Peking, which is just a side street where people can sell things at a free market price that's not set by a government planning board. And I think maybe we have one more slide of the free market. This is just a just a side street where eggs or potatoes possibly there are being sold at prices that are allowed to fluctuate up and down. And this is just a little look at one of the things that I think is something fairly new, isn't it on this new?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=650.0,755.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, one of the points you just mentioned, the prices have been fluctuating up but not down. And I this is really one of the problems that the regime faces. Now they're trying to see, can they have what they call market socialism? Can the peasant sell what they want at prices they can get? And if you have a society of scarcity, this means that there's inflation. And probably the first problem that they've been wrestling with in the past year and a half is how can they allow the freedom of the marketplace without having inflation, because inflation takes away the increases in wages that have been granted to the workers, their wages were frozen for 20 years, they had no increase in wages, they increase the wages, they offer bonuses, but these get soaked up right away by eggs, by grain by all of the food prices that are going up. They think in the leadership that if they can get to something called market socialism, they can have more rationalized economy. But the people, of course, are very afraid that if inflation gets out of hand, the economy will be where it was late in the early 40s, in the late 40s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=756.0,828.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, Alan, I wanted to follow up on one thing, since we've previously done a show on entrepreneurship on our car, Carl Eller center. You talked about the free market. Now I know they have a program as part of the new reform called collectives. And is this what we're really talking about? It sounded to me like entrepreneurship on a very small scale to try it out. Is that what when you say the free market is this the same?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=829.0,854.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, entrepreneurship on a small scale, but 80% of China's living off the countryside. So the majority of the people are making their income off of what they raise, and the minority of the people can only get paid in terms of what they produce in the shops or in the factories. So it's the urban sector. Now that's feeling the pinch. In the past, of course, communism always impoverished the peasants that happened with Stalin and collectivization, and it happened in China under Mao's Great Leap Forward, which was a greatly backward and under the Cultural Revolution. Now the peasants are getting a chance to make it and the people in the seas are beginning to wonder when did they get their share","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=855.0,893.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: and grumbling a bit at the success and the financial and rewards and consumer goods that The peasants are able to buy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=894.0,901.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: the entrepreneurship that you asked about is evident as those slides showed in what we call small business operations. fast food restaurants are turning up all over China now. People will fix bicycles, they have men shoes, they'll tailor your clothes, they'll do anything that you need of a service sort that only requires a few hands, maybe their family and a few hired hands. But we're not talking here about private ownership of factories, or the main industries, that still is under state control. Okay,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=902.0,933.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: we need to take a break. And please stay with us. Welcome back to Arizona alumni forum. We're talking about China and some of the economic conditions that exist there today. We have two experts with us from the University of Arizona, we've had a good discussion. But maybe I can get Dr. Avoiding to kind of give us a goal statement or a summary statement of this new reform that's taking place in China.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=934.0,976.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: While the goal that they claim is a quadrupling of gross national product, and a quadrupling of income per capita by the year 2000. Now put in Chinese terms, that means $1,000 a year per capita income, not very big by Western standards, but four times what the average Chinese has been making over the last 10 or 20 years. World Bank thinks they can make it World Bank estimates that came out in the latter part of 1985. We're very optimistic. In fact, the economy now is overheated. This last year, they've had industrial growth at the rate of 15 to 18% a year. They can't keep that up. It's just too much pressure, too many bottlenecks. But the goal at the lower level, is to get the initiative and get the enterprise the Chinese show in Hong Kong and Singapore and Taiwan, moving on the mainland, because leadership knows that Chinese have been good businessmen, traditionally, and they know what's best for themselves if they're not directed all the time from the top.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=977.0,1042.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: I wonder might be well there. Remember, the press hasn't always done, probably the most useful and constructive job. Since 1949. Presenting the Americans with a view of China, that's helpful. One of the problems we have now we seem to swing back and forth. I remember once that 73, that one of our meetings, Joe in life said used to be you could speak right, nothing good about China from 1949 until now, which was 73 said, Now, you can't write anything bad about China. What's the matter? Can't you get it? Can't you get it in balance? We all laugh he is absolutely right about the American press. And as you recall, 7273 there were there was a love affair going on. Nothing bad could be written now it seems we have gone even further. And we're writing about China's becoming a capitalist society or some kind of form of capitalism, which we'd recognize on Wall Street, which I think is very far from the truth. I noticed that in the China Daily, from a year ago, they said, what we want to do is, is build a socialist economic structure with Chinese characteristics, full of vigor in totality. socialism with a Chinese face was one phrase that we'd heard it's not capitalism, by a longshot, and probably never will be, at least in the future that we can foresee. Isn't that a fair?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=1043.0,1129.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: I think that's right. And dung has some opponents right at his elbow in the Politburo, and in the central committee who thinks he's going too far too fast. Chun Yang, who is now 80 years old, the most respected economist in China gave a speech this last September of 1985, at the big Central Committee meeting in which he called attention to the fact that there was corruption, there was prostitution, there was a lack of attention to the morals of the society that the grain production was falling, and that you'd simply couldn't let the whole thing go free and loose, because China was too big. And there were too many areas that were unmanageable. If you just opened up the door the way dung is doing to foreign and domestic influences on people's own initiative. So there is opposition there's a lot of criticism earlier for Do you use the phrase that probably confused people when you said the ultra left conservatives, most people takes a spelling out of left is being radical and right as being conservative, but the ultra left's are the old Mao types, who were of course extreme left, but they are conservative now and they're digging in against the reef. They would like to see the way it was under Mao, where people worked for equality. They didn't work for material incentives, they work for political incentives, where education didn't count and expertise wasn't in command. I think that's one of the biggest differences between China then and China. Now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=1130.0,1216.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: interesting, try to figure out who these opponents are to. It doesn't break down into just the young versus the old and certainly met some young people who were, as you say, very pro Mao, in their thinking, didn't want to let the country go very far from that. And then another couple of young men walking in a park one afternoon, who were so eager to get on with their careers and had not a thing to to say about continuing Maoism and met one older professor, who I'll always remember, we were off walking in the park. And he he said the only thing that's read in China today is the flag around he said, even that can change. I think there are that's predominantly an older people's view of people who remember China before 1949 with a certain nostalgia and affection. But I don't think that view that view perhaps represents an opposition. But I think the opposition that you were mentioning before are younger. Younger people who who have a that's that's an opposition view that would be totally in favor of a free market and lifting the whole sense of Marxist approach for the from the economy. Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=1217.0,1295.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Let me interrupt for just a minute. Gentlemen, we're going to take another break. We'll be right back to Arizona alumni forum.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=1296.0,1315.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Welcome back to Arizona alumni forum. We're about to end our program for this evening, we've been talking about China and some of the new reform a doctor wedding I wanted to follow up since we're all in the business of education. Tell us a little bit about the public and higher education programs in China. I know they have not been in great shape in the past.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=1316.0,1335.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, they took over education from the Soviet Union in 1949. And model that on the Soviet plan until 66. Then Mao shut all universities down all higher institutions for 10 years. When they came back, they realized that they had fallen way behind technological training. They now have examinations for entrance into universities. And when you figure the size of the country with 1/3, illiterate, they have a tremendous task to accomplish. They've sent 15,000 Chinese to the United States for studying and advanced courses. 80 of them are at the University of Arizona. I think they are going to play catch up. But it's going to take 10 or 15 years before they can get themselves really along the educational lines that they need.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=1336.0,1378.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Yes, everyone asked to last last year in the journalism institutions even can we send professors to unit American universities on an exchange for a year or two? Can we send students will welcome your professors to come here. And let's establish more programs. And think that's seem to be a pattern from what the embassy said. They're asking everybody the same question. How can they get more people here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=1379.0,1402.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: know is that I know we have a lecture series coming up? Is this part of this program? Or is it something different?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=1403.0,1407.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Well, this lecture series is really for Arizona's particular to Sony Ian's pounding gown invited. What we're trying to do is take a look at the post thung China, after all dung is at his cohorts are in their 70s. And he's trying to train up a new leadership that will carry out these reform policies after he goes. So we've invited a number of very bright young experts to come to campus every Tuesday evening, beginning January 21, to talk about foreign policy, military modernization. What's happening with foreign trade and investment in China, what's happening with a presence in China, look at this whole society and see beyond the horizon, so to speak, what is China going to be like by the year 2000.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=1408.0,1452.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: On May may be modest, but he ought to we ought to let it be known. He is perhaps our most distinguished China watcher in Arizona today. And you're going to give the opening lecture God willing. in that series, yes. on Chinese foreign policy, we should say who the we is also the we is the Arizona China Council, which is not tied with the University of Arizona. But the Arizona China Council has been around for a number of years developing us interest in China and Alan Whiting is the president of that for this year. And last year and perhaps before that a few years and so it's the Arizona China Council, together with the Center for East Asian Studies. The campus angle is the Center for East Asian East Asian Studies, of which Allen is the direct director. So that should be a very lively lecture series and we're hoping for Lots of interest in Tucson, from people interested in a non technical, non academic, and very lively and contemporary view of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=1453.0,1509.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: that'll be every Tuesday evening at eight o'clock in Franklin Hall. And there'll be announcements, of course in the newspapers every Tuesday evening about the topic and the person who's speaking. So we really hope that people can come and share with us this experience of looking at China.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=1510.0,1523.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: We might tell them I think that Franklin Hall was at one time the law college I know we've we've renamed a number of buildings, and some people who aren't used to the campus. It's right off Park Avenue between Fourth and Fifth Street Park Avenue. And so if you look for the one of the former law colleges, since we've had several, that would be a good place to start. What's in the future? for both of you, gentlemen, are you returning to China in the near future?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=1524.0,1548.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: I'll be going there next summer. I'll be doing interviews in China for two months on presence study of sino Japanese relations, because Japan is number one in China in terms of foreign trade and loans, and investment on land, the US is not really keeping up with Japanese. And this is where I think Arizona is an a potential competitive position. Because for one, the Chinese need to develop their mining industry. Our mining industry is not prospering here. But it could certainly teach the Chinese and sell the Chinese a lot of equipment that's not in use at the present time. We also of course, have very good, dry country irrigation techniques. And China in its interior is just like Arizona, arid land. Cotton growing needs a lot of help. Okay,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=1549.0,1596.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: and we're hopeful that we can help bring Chinese journalism instructors through the center for journalism education in Washington in Reston, maybe the University of Arizona can play role.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=1597.0,1607.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Thank you very much, Dr. Ellen Whiting and Ford Burkhart. We appreciate your being with us. And we appreciate you being with Arizona alumni forum. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=1608.0,1646.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Why have collagen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=1647.0,1651.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: quickly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=1652.0,1653.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: form in Virginia and had it not been? I'd still be on that form and origin. And for me for a number of other very personal I like to separate the concept of sales. Let me let me go on to like in your comment relative to penalties as the new legislation that's going into effect as of January and I'm sorry, acceptable water 1985 is legislation based on repeat repeat offenses. The penalties can indeed follow coaches and administrators.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=1654.0,1692.999"},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN SPEAKER: To what's known as the death penalty we deal with the death penalty which is unusual for college.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318#t=1693.0,1695.0"}]},{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://arizona.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1078/collection_resources/73570/file/159318/transcript/37765/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/037/765/original/azu_ms646-008_a.vtt?1652820275","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/037/765/original/azu_ms646-008_a.vtt?1652820275"}]}]}]}